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Biology > Section 6 - Plant Structures And Their Functions > Flashcards

Section 6 - Plant Structures And Their Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy that is transferred by light from the sun transferred to? And how?

A

Glucose by photosynthesis

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2
Q

What is glucose and substances made from glucose?

A

Stores of energy

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3
Q

When an animal eats a plant what does it get?

A

Energy from the plants energy stores, made from glucose

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4
Q

What is a biomass?

A

Total mass in living organisms

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5
Q

How do plants and algae produce biomass?

A

They produce their own biomass

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6
Q

Because plants and algae produce their own biomass, what do they then do for the earth?

A

Produce the food for all other life on earth

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7
Q

What are plants and algae in the food chain?

A

Producers

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8
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen

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9
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In chloroplasts, which contain a green substance called chlorophyll that traps energy transferred by light

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10
Q

How does energy enter?

A

From the surroundings

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11
Q

Since energy enters from the surrounds, what do the products of photosynthesis have?

A

More energy than the reactants = ENDOTHERMIC

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12
Q

Who is starch made?

A

Glucose molecules form a polymer which forms starch

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13
Q

Where does starch stay?

A

In chloroplasts until photosynthesis stops

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14
Q

When photosynthesis stops, what happens to the starch?

A

It’s broken down into simpler substances, moved into cytoplasm, used to make sucros

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15
Q

Sucrose is transported around the plant and may be used to make what…?

A

Starch (in storage organ)
Other molecules for the plant (cellulose, lipids or proteins)
Glucose for respiration (to release energy)

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16
Q

Why do leaves have a large surface area?

A

Because they’re large and broad which allows them to spread out and absorb more sunlight

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17
Q

Where are palisade cells located, what is in them and what are they for?

A

Near the top of the leaf / packed with chloroplast / allow leaf to absorb a great deal of light

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18
Q

What are the microscopic pores that the leaf contains called?

A

Stomata

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19
Q

What does the stomata do?

A

Allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf

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20
Q

How are stomata opened and closed?

A

By guard cells

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21
Q

What happens to the guard cells in light?

A

Water flows to them making them turgid and opens the stomata

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22
Q

What happens to the guard cells at night when there is no light?

A

Water flows out of guard cells and they become flaccid, stomata sides stick together so it’s shut

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23
Q

Why are leaves thin?

A

So carbon dioxide doesn’t have to diffuse far into the leaf before reaching cells that need it

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24
Q

What does the stomata allow oxygen and water vapour to do?

A

To escape into the air

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25
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Process when one gas diffuses across a membrane and another gas diffuses in an opposite direction

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26
Q

Why is air thinner at the top of a mountain?

A

Because there are fewer molecules in each cubic centimetre of air which reduces the concentration of air molecules

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27
Q

What does a lower concentration of air molecules do to the rate of photosynthesis?

A

It lowers the rate

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28
Q

Why is the rate of reaction for photosynthesis slower when the air has a reduced concentration?

A

Photosynthesis is catalysed by enzymes which work better in warmer temperatures (high mountain areas are cold)

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29
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A factor that prevents a rate increasing

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30
Q

What are the 3 main limiting factors?

A

Temperature, carbon dioxide and light intensity

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31
Q

Why can temperature be a limiting factor for photosynthesis?

A

Because if it’s too hot the enzyme will denature and can no longer catalyse

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32
Q

Why is carbon dioxide concentration a limiting factor fir photosynthesis?

A

Because a plant can not photosynthesis without enough carbon dioxide

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33
Q

Why do leaves have the adaptations of veins?

A

To bring in water and remove products of photosynthesis

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34
Q

Why do leaves have the adaptations of air spaces?

A

For oxygen and carbon dioxide

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35
Q

What does glucose do in the plant?

A

Make fats and oils / oxidise to release energy to build bigger molecules from smaller molecules / makes cellulose / converts to starch and is stored (starch is insoluble in water) / make amino acids

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36
Q

How does glucose make amino acids in a plant?

A

Combines with nitrate ions and other mineral ions /

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37
Q

What does greenhouse economics mean?

A

Limiting factors and conditions can be controlled to grow plants faster and with better yield

38
Q

What does the cuticle in the plant do?

A

It’s waterproof / protects - prevents microorganism getting into leaf / stops water-loss as it stops evaporation

39
Q

What does the palisade cell do?

A

Gets light as contains chloroplast (is on top of the plant)

40
Q

What does the spongy (mesophyl) later do?

A

Contains air gaps so gases can move

41
Q

What does the lower palisades contain/do?

A

Have no cuticle, have stomata

42
Q

Describe or draw what a light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration limiting factor graph looks like

A

Insert picture*

43
Q

What does a straight line on a limiting factor graph show you?

A

A linear relationship between two variables

44
Q

What does a direct proportion between two variables graph look like?

A

Is the line goes through the origin it shows the two variables are in direct proportion

45
Q

What does a direct proportion graph mean?

A

As one variable increases the other increases by the same percentage

46
Q

What is the equation for the inverse square law?

A

Lnew = Lorig x D(2)orig / D(2)new

47
Q

How do you calculate a new light intensity when the distance of the light source changes?

A

Inverse square law,

48
Q

What is Lnew inversely proportional of?

A

D(2)new

49
Q

So what does the inverse square law tell you?

A

That light intensity varies with distance according to the inverse square law

50
Q

What happens if you double the distance from a light source?

A

The light intensity is 1/4 time the original

51
Q

What is water absorbed by plants used for?

A

Carrying dissolved mineral ions / keeping cells rigid / cooling the leaves / photosynthesis

52
Q

Why do cells need to be kept rigid?

A

Because otherwise they will wilt

53
Q

What are root hairs?

A

They are extensions on the roots that provide a hair surface area to quickly absorb water and mineral ions

54
Q

What is an adaptation to root hair cells?

A

They have thin cell walls so that the flow of water into the cells isn’t slowed down

55
Q

What structure do the cell walls inside the root hair cell have?

A

An open structure to allow water particles to diffuse towards the middle of the root

56
Q

How is osmosis used in a root hair cell to carry water?

A

Water enters the root by osmosis (through the semi-permeable cell membrane) and tiny tubes join the cytoplasm allowing water to then diffuse

57
Q

What type of compounds are mineral ions?

A

Naturally occurring ionic compounds

58
Q

Why do plants need mineral ions?

A

To produce new substances

59
Q

Which ions are needed to make proteins?

A

Nitrate ions

60
Q

Does inside the root hair cell or the soil have a greater concentration if ions?

A

The root hair cell

61
Q

Why is active transport used for transporting mineral ions into the root hair cell?

A

Because mineral ions can’t diffuse against the concentration gradient of high to low (because mineral ions are more concentrated on the inside) so proteins need to be pumped into the cell- so needs active transport

62
Q

Why does evaporation of water from leaves need to happen?

A

To keep the leaves cool and help the water to move up the plant

63
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The flow of water-roots-stem-leaves

64
Q

What is translocation?

A

The flow of water from root-leaf-glucose — the transport of sugars

65
Q

What do xylem vessels form?

A

Continuous pipes leading from plants roots into the leaves

66
Q

What is inside a xylem vessel?

A

An unbroken chain of water

67
Q

What allows an unbroken chain of water in a xylem vessel?

A

Weak forces of attraction between water molecules

68
Q

How is water pulled up the xylem vessel stem?

A

Water evaporates from the xylem vessel in the leaves

69
Q

What happens as water vapour diffuses out of a leaf?

A

More water evaporates from the xylem inside the leaf

70
Q

How do you investigate the factors affecting transpiration?

A

Using a photometer

71
Q

How does a photometer work?

A

The air bubbles move along the tube as the plant loses water - the speed of the bubble gives the rate of transpiration (mm/min)

72
Q

Why do water molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient?

A

Because the concentration of water vapour inside the leaf’s air spaces is greater than outside it

73
Q

What makes diffusion faster?

A

A bigger difference between the concentrations

74
Q

What 4 factors increase transpiration?

A

Wind / low humidity / high temperatures / greater light intensity

75
Q

How does wind increase transpiration?

A

It moves water particles away from the stomata

76
Q

How does low humidity increase transpiration?

A

There is little water vapour in the air

77
Q

How does high temperatures increase transpiration?

A

Particles move faster and so diffuse faster

78
Q

How does greater light intensity increase transpiration?

A

Makes the stomata wider

79
Q

Name 3 xylem cell adaptations

A

Hollow middle allows water to quickly flow / thick side walls with ring of lignin strengthens the sides so it doesn’t burst or collapse / tiny pores allow water and mineral ions to leave the xylem cell

80
Q

Why is there a hollow middle in a xylem cell?

A

Xylem cell’s die and their top and bottom walls disintegrate

81
Q

What makes xylem cells rigid?

A

Thick side walls and rings of hard lignin, so water pressure inside doesn’t burst the xylem

82
Q

What does the rigid xylem cells do for the plant?

A

Help support them

83
Q

Name 3 phloem cell adaptations

A

Holes in the ends of cell walls between siege cells / small amount of cytoplasm and no nucleus/ pores between cell wall and companion cell

84
Q

What does the holes in the cell walls of the sieve cells allow?

A

For liquids to flow from one to the next

85
Q

Why is there very little cytoplasm and no nucleus in a sieve cell?

A

So there is more room for the central channel

86
Q

Why is there pores between the companion and sieve cells in a Phloem?

A

So sucrose solution can be pumped

87
Q

How do plants made sucrose?

A

From the glucose and starch that is made by photosynthesis

88
Q

How is sucrose moved through the plant?

A

Translocation in the sieve cells in the phloem

89
Q

What do companion cells in a phloem do?

A

Actively pump sucrose into or out of the sieve cells

90
Q

If the increased pressure in causes sucrose solution to flow either flow up or down what does it do if it goes up / down?

A

Up= growing shoots / down = storage organs

91
Q

Why is there lots of mitochondria in the companion cells?

A

To get energy to pump the sucrose into the sieve cell

Biology (6 decks)

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