Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Section 5 - Health, Disease And The Development Of Medicines > Flashcards

Section 5 - Health, Disease And The Development Of Medicines Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What factors do you need to have a state of complete well-being

A

‘Complete physical, social and mental well-being’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is physical well-being?

A

Being free from disease, eating and sleeping well, getting regular activity, and limiting the intake of harmful substances such as alcohol and drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is social well-being

A

How well you get on with other people, also how your surroundings affect you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is mental well-being?

A

Includes how you feel about yourself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If you improved your physical well-being what else could that do?

A

Improve your mental well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Suggest reasons why there is a correlation between health and income

A

Poorer people cannot afford as healthy a diet or access the same medical care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a disease?

A

A problem with structure it process in the body that is not the result of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What may cause a disease?

A

Microorganisms getting into the body and changing how it works (eg flu virus can give a high temperature, sneezing, aches and pains)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a micro organism that causes a disease called?

A

A pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Diseases caused by pathogens, can be passed from an infected person to other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that can’t be passed on from person to person. They’re caused by a problem in the body, such as a fault in genes or result of the way we live (lifestyle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many a disease be correlated?

A

Having one disease may increase a persons chances of having another disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why may having a disease make u more vulnerable to others?

A

Weakens the immune system: making it easier for pathogens to cause disease / a disease damages the bodies natural barriers and defences allowing pathogens into the body more quickly / disease stops an organ system from working effectively, making other diseases more likely to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Protect the body from communicable diseases, one pathogen that attack’s the immune system is the HIV virus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

State one type of non-communicable disease

A

Genetic disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are genetic disorders caused?

A

By faulty alleles of genes (can be passed to offspring but nobody else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Too little or too much of a certain nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the disease caused by lack of protein and what are the symptoms?

A

Kwashiorkor, enlarged belly, small muscles, failure to grow properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What disease it caused by lack of vitamin C and state some symptoms

A

Scurvy, swelling and bleeding of gums, muscle and joint pain, tiredness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the disease caused by lack of vitamin D / calcium and some symptoms of the disease

A

Tickets or osteomalacia. Soft bones, curved leg bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What disease is caused by a lack of iron and what are symptoms of this disease?

A

Anaemia, red blood cells that are smaller than normal and reduce in number, tiredness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can be found in alcoholic drinks?

A

Ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What breaks down ethanol?

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does a large amount of ethanol consumed over a long period of time lead to?

A

Liver disease (including cirrhosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens to a cirrhotic liver?

A

It does not function well and can lead to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What can malnutrition lead to?

A

High in sugar and fat diets that lead to obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens when u have obesity?

A

Large amounts of fat are formed under the skin and around organs such as kidneys and heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do we need some fat?

A

To cushion are organs as we move, store vitamins and provide a source of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What can having too much fat result in?

A

The rick of diseases including cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does cardiovascular disease result in?

A

The circulatory system functioning poorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Give a symptom of cardiovascular disease

A

High blood pressure which can lead to heart pain or a heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do we estimate the amount of fat on the body?

A

Body mass index (BMI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What factors do we use for calculating the BMI?

A

Height (m) and mass (kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the calculation to work out BMI?

A

Mass / height(squared)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the issue with BMI

A

It assumes that body tissues are in proportion with height (if ur ripped the BMI will be off)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What fat is most closely linked to cardiovascular disease?

A

Abdominal fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the best method for measuring abdominal fat?

A

Waist-to-hip ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do you work out the waist to hip ratio?

A

Dividing waist measurement by hip measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why is smoking bad for you?

A

Harmful substances can damage the lung when breathed in because the lung will absorb them and from the lung into the b,oof and transported around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do the damaging substances from tobacco do in your blood vessels?

A

They damage the blood vessels and can increase blood pressure and make blood vessels narrower and increase risk of blood clots forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How does fat build up in the arteries?

A

The tobacco smoke damages the artery lining, fat builds up there and makes the artery narrower, a blood clot may block the artery here and cause a heart attack bc no blood (oxygen) is getting to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What may a doctor advise for a patient with high blood pressure?

A

To excessive more and give up smoking, may have medicine to reduce it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How can u widen blood vessels?

A

Insert a stent to the narrowest part of the artery to hold it open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does bypass surgery do?

A

Inserting another blood vessel (probs from leg) into the heart so that the blood tissue is supplied with oxygen and nutrients again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What do patients with bypass surgery have to do for the rest of their lives?

A

Take medicines to help prevent heart attack or stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a symptom or tuberculosis?

A

Damages the lungs, blood-specked mucus after coughing, fever and weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a symptom of cholera

A

Diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is a host?

A

Something that holds the disease (eg humans are the hosts for tuberculosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the disease of ash trees caused by fungus called?

A

Chalara dieback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What type of disease is chalara dieback?

A

Fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What type of disease is malaria?

A

Protist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What happens with malaria?

A

Multiplies red blood cells and liver cells and new protests break out of these cells and cause fever and weakness and sickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Is a virus a true organism?

A

No, they do not have a cell structure

54
Q

How do viruses work?

A

They multiply by infecting cells and taking over the cell’s DNA copying processes to make new viruses

55
Q

What did the Ebola virus do?

A

Caused the break down of blood vessels and liver and kidney cells, leading to eternal bleeding and fever causing haemorrhaging fever

56
Q

What does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) do?

A

Attacks and destroys white blood cells in the immune system

57
Q

What do people with HIV usually develop as why?

A

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) because their immune systems cannot protect the,m from secondary infections

58
Q

What are ulcers

A

Sore areas in the stomach caused by bacteria that attacks the stomach lining

59
Q

Do we need bacteria in our bodies?

A

Yes because it is essential for our health but most of the time it doesn’t affect us

60
Q

Because most pathogens cannot grow outside their host what do they do?

A

Spread from one host to another so they can increase in number

61
Q

Which infections cause people to sneeze or cough and there fore spread by air

A

Colds, flus a TB

62
Q

how do colds, flus and TB get around?

A

They make u sneeze and cough resulting in droplets containing pathogens in the air, once in the air can survive for a day but TB can survive for months

63
Q

How does TB spread?

A

Can survive for months in the air and mix with dust to blow around and infect others

64
Q

How does fungi spread?

A

Spreads in the air as tiny spores

65
Q

How do the tiny spores of chalara Ash dieback spread?

A

Strong winds carry the spores over long distances

66
Q

Name a disease that spreads in water

A

Cholera, typhoid and dysentery

67
Q

How come lots of water diseases are rare in more developed countries?

A

Because the water that we use are treated to kill pathogens

68
Q

What is having good hygiene?

A

Keeping things clean and removing or killing pathogens

69
Q

How can pathogens of the digestive system spread?

A

Through water and food

70
Q

What route to digestive system pathogens take?

A

The oral route, go through the mouth

71
Q

How is helicobacter bacteria spread?

A

When people touch other peoples food after touching their mouths or after going to the toilet, also spread on feet of flies that have fed on infected faeces and then landed on food

72
Q

How does Ebola enter a body?

A

Through broken skin or eyes, nose or mouth

73
Q

What happens when a pathogen can’t survive in the environment?

A

It spreads through different hosts eg malaria protist is carried in mosquitos

74
Q

How does the mosquito infect a person?

A

It sucks blood from a infected person and injects the protist directly into the blood of the next person it feeds on

75
Q

What are vectors? (To do with pathogens)

A

Organisms that carry pathogens from one person to the next

76
Q

How do you control the spread of a pathogen?

A

Involve the controlling of the spread of the vector

77
Q

What is the most obvious defence the body has to defend from attack of pathogens?

A

The skin, thick and and over most of the body

78
Q

How can pathogens surpass skin?

A

Through wounds or if an animal pierces the skin

79
Q

What is skin?

A

A physical barrier, pathogens have difficulty getting passed it

80
Q

What additional defences does the skin have?

A

It contains glands that secrete substances onto the skin surface

81
Q

What substances do glands secrete onto the skins surface as an additional defence?

A

Lysozyme

82
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Break down the cell wall of some bacterias

83
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

A chemical defence because it reacts with a substance in the pathogen and kills the pathogen or makes them inactive

84
Q

Where else is lysozyme secreted from?

A

Tears, saliva and mucus p, where it helps to protect the thinner surfaces on the body

85
Q

What is mucus?

A

A sticky secretion produced by many cells lining the many openings that pathogens could use the enter the body

86
Q

What gets trapped inside the mucus?

A

Dust and pathogens

87
Q

What do some of the cells that are in the nose and breathing tubes have?

A

Cilia, ciliates cell’s

88
Q

What do ciliated cells do?

A

Move substances such as mucus across their surfaces, which helps carry dust and pathogens out of the body or into the throat, where they enter the digestive system

89
Q

Why do some cells in the stomach secrete?

A

Hydrochloride acid

90
Q

What does the hydrochloric acid in the stomach do?

A

Reduce the pH of the stomach contents to about 2

91
Q

What does the acidity in the stomach at 2 do?

A

Kills pathogens, only a few bacteria can survive (such as helicobacter pylori)

92
Q

What natural defence does vaginal fluid mucus have?

A

Lysozyme

93
Q

What pathogens can overcome defences like lysozyme?

A

STIs

94
Q

How are STIs spread?

A

Spread by contact with sexual fluids

95
Q

How do you prevent the transmission of STIs?

A

Barrier contraception, condom

96
Q

How else can STIs be transmitted?

A

From mother to unborn baby, which can harm the baby

97
Q

What can help to indenting an STI infection so people can be treated for the disease?

A

Screening

98
Q

What could be a cause for the number of new cases of chlamydia increasing?

A

More unprotected sex, more screenings happening

99
Q

What happens if pathogens make it through physical and chemical Barriers?

A

The immune system becomes active, attacking the pathogens and trying to prevent them causing harm

100
Q

All cells and virus particles have molecules on their outer surface, what are these called?

A

Antigens

101
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules on the outside on cells and virus particles

102
Q

How does the immune system use antigens?

A

To identify if something from the outside on the body is s cell of the body or something that has come from the outside

103
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells

104
Q

What do lymphocytes have on their surface?

A

Molecules called antibodies

105
Q

What do lymphocytes with antibodies on its surface do?

A

Match the shape of the antigen on the pathogen and attach to the pathogen stopping it from working

106
Q

How does the lymphocyte stop the pathogen from working?

A

The lymphocyte is activated and divides rapidly to produce many identical lymphocytes with the same antibodies

107
Q

What do some of the lymphocyte cells do?

A

Release large amounts of identical antibodies into the blood

108
Q

State the process of how a lymphocyte destroys a pathogen

A

The pathogen has an antigen / the lymphocyte has an antibody which fits perfectly onto the antigen / the antibody attaches to the antigen and stops in from working / the lymphocyte is activated to divide and produce clones of identical lymphocytes / some lymphocytes secrete large amounts of antibodies into the blood which stay there as memory lymphocytes to respond to the same antigen immediately if it ever turns up again

109
Q

What are memory lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes with the antibodies that matched the antigen that remain in the blood

110
Q

What will happen if the same pathogen tries to infect you again?

A

You’ll produce a secondary response which releases memory lymphocytes much faster and prevents you from getting ill

111
Q

What make u immune to a pathogen?

A

When you don’t get sick when a pathogen enters your body because the memory lymphocytes antibodies attack the antigen before it can make you ill

112
Q

What is immunisation?

A

Immunity to a pathogen

113
Q

Hw can u become immune without having a primary response?

A

Artificially triggered by using a vaccine

114
Q

What does the vaccine contain?

A

Weakened or inactivated pathogens or bits of pathogen that include antigen

115
Q

How do u enter a vaccine and what does it do?

A

Through the mouth or blood, causes a little reaction

116
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Substances that either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell process

117
Q

What does it mean when a bacteria inhibits a cell’s process?

A

Stops them growing or reproducing

118
Q

What makes antibiotics extra helpful for humans?

A

They don’t attack human cells which makes them useful for attacking bacterial infections that the immune system can’t control

119
Q

Why are having different kinds of antibiotic important?

A

Bacteria have different structures and they do not respond in the same way to a particular antibiotic

120
Q

What is the main problem with antibiotics in the body?

A

Bacteria are evolving to be resistant so are no longer harmed by the body

121
Q

What must scientists do to help resistance?

A

Develop new antibiotics and medicines to help control infection

122
Q

What is the first step of development of a possible new medicine?

A

Tested on tissue or cells in the lab PRE-CLINICAL STAGE

123
Q

What does the pre-clinical test show?

A

Shows if medicine can get into cells and have the REQUIRED effect

124
Q

What do medicines contain even though they’re supposed to make us better?

A

Side effects

125
Q

So what does testing of medicines do?

A

Tries to make sure harmful side effects are limited

126
Q

What happens if the first stage is successful

A

New medicine can be tested on animals to see how it works on the whole body

127
Q

What happens if the animal testing stage was successful?

A

Medicine is tested on a small CLINICAL TRIAL on a small number of healthy people

128
Q

Why is the medicine tested on a small (clinical) group of people first?

A

To check that it is safe and the side effects are small

129
Q

What happens after the clinical-trial?

A

A large clinical trial happens on many people who have the disease that the medicine will be used to treat

130
Q

What does a large clinical trial help to see?

A

To work out the correct amount (dose) to give and to check for different side effects in different people

131
Q

When and only when will a doctor prescribe a medicine?

A

If the medicine passes the: pre-clinical, clinical trial and the large clinical trial

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions