Section 5 - Health, Disease And The Development Of Medicines Flashcards
1
Q
What factors do you need to have a state of complete well-being
A
‘Complete physical, social and mental well-being’
2
Q
What is physical well-being?
A
Being free from disease, eating and sleeping well, getting regular activity, and limiting the intake of harmful substances such as alcohol and drugs
3
Q
What is social well-being
A
How well you get on with other people, also how your surroundings affect you
4
Q
What is mental well-being?
A
Includes how you feel about yourself
5
Q
If you improved your physical well-being what else could that do?
A
Improve your mental well-being
6
Q
Suggest reasons why there is a correlation between health and income
A
Poorer people cannot afford as healthy a diet or access the same medical care
7
Q
What is a disease?
A
A problem with structure it process in the body that is not the result of injury
8
Q
What may cause a disease?
A
Microorganisms getting into the body and changing how it works (eg flu virus can give a high temperature, sneezing, aches and pains)
9
Q
What is a micro organism that causes a disease called?
A
A pathogen
10
Q
What are communicable diseases?
A
Diseases caused by pathogens, can be passed from an infected person to other people
11
Q
What are non-communicable diseases?
A
Diseases that can’t be passed on from person to person. They’re caused by a problem in the body, such as a fault in genes or result of the way we live (lifestyle)
12
Q
How many a disease be correlated?
A
Having one disease may increase a persons chances of having another disease
13
Q
Why may having a disease make u more vulnerable to others?
A
Weakens the immune system: making it easier for pathogens to cause disease / a disease damages the bodies natural barriers and defences allowing pathogens into the body more quickly / disease stops an organ system from working effectively, making other diseases more likely to occur
14
Q
What does the immune system do?
A
Protect the body from communicable diseases, one pathogen that attack’s the immune system is the HIV virus)
15
Q
State one type of non-communicable disease
A
Genetic disorders
16
Q
How are genetic disorders caused?
A
By faulty alleles of genes (can be passed to offspring but nobody else)
17
Q
What is malnutrition?
A
Too little or too much of a certain nutrient
18
Q
What is the disease caused by lack of protein and what are the symptoms?
A
Kwashiorkor, enlarged belly, small muscles, failure to grow properly
19
Q
What disease it caused by lack of vitamin C and state some symptoms
A
Scurvy, swelling and bleeding of gums, muscle and joint pain, tiredness
20
Q
What is the disease caused by lack of vitamin D / calcium and some symptoms of the disease
A
Tickets or osteomalacia. Soft bones, curved leg bones
21
Q
What disease is caused by a lack of iron and what are symptoms of this disease?
A
Anaemia, red blood cells that are smaller than normal and reduce in number, tiredness
22
Q
What can be found in alcoholic drinks?
A
Ethanol
23
Q
What breaks down ethanol?
A
The liver
24
Q
What does a large amount of ethanol consumed over a long period of time lead to?
A
Liver disease (including cirrhosis)
25
What happens to a cirrhotic liver?
It does not function well and can lead to death
26
What can malnutrition lead to?
High in sugar and fat diets that lead to obesity
27
What happens when u have obesity?
Large amounts of fat are formed under the skin and around organs such as kidneys and heart
28
Why do we need some fat?
To cushion are organs as we move, store vitamins and provide a source of energy
29
What can having too much fat result in?
The rick of diseases including cardiovascular disease
30
What does cardiovascular disease result in?
The circulatory system functioning poorly
31
Give a symptom of cardiovascular disease
High blood pressure which can lead to heart pain or a heart attack
32
How do we estimate the amount of fat on the body?
Body mass index (BMI)
33
What factors do we use for calculating the BMI?
Height (m) and mass (kg)
34
What is the calculation to work out BMI?
Mass / height(squared)
35
What is the issue with BMI
It assumes that body tissues are in proportion with height (if ur ripped the BMI will be off)
36
What fat is most closely linked to cardiovascular disease?
Abdominal fat
37
What is the best method for measuring abdominal fat?
Waist-to-hip ratio
38
How do you work out the waist to hip ratio?
Dividing waist measurement by hip measurement
39
Why is smoking bad for you?
Harmful substances can damage the lung when breathed in because the lung will absorb them and from the lung into the b,oof and transported around the body
40
What do the damaging substances from tobacco do in your blood vessels?
They damage the blood vessels and can increase blood pressure and make blood vessels narrower and increase risk of blood clots forming
41
How does fat build up in the arteries?
The tobacco smoke damages the artery lining, fat builds up there and makes the artery narrower, a blood clot may block the artery here and cause a heart attack bc no blood (oxygen) is getting to the heart
42
What may a doctor advise for a patient with high blood pressure?
To excessive more and give up smoking, may have medicine to reduce it
43
How can u widen blood vessels?
Insert a stent to the narrowest part of the artery to hold it open
44
What does bypass surgery do?
Inserting another blood vessel (probs from leg) into the heart so that the blood tissue is supplied with oxygen and nutrients again
45
What do patients with bypass surgery have to do for the rest of their lives?
Take medicines to help prevent heart attack or stroke
46
What is a symptom or tuberculosis?
Damages the lungs, blood-specked mucus after coughing, fever and weight loss
47
What is a symptom of cholera
Diarrhoea
48
What is a host?
Something that holds the disease (eg humans are the hosts for tuberculosis)
49
What is the disease of ash trees caused by fungus called?
Chalara dieback
50
What type of disease is chalara dieback?
Fungus
51
What type of disease is malaria?
Protist
52
What happens with malaria?
Multiplies red blood cells and liver cells and new protests break out of these cells and cause fever and weakness and sickness
53
Is a virus a true organism?
No, they do not have a cell structure
54
How do viruses work?
They multiply by infecting cells and taking over the cell’s DNA copying processes to make new viruses
55
What did the Ebola virus do?
Caused the break down of blood vessels and liver and kidney cells, leading to eternal bleeding and fever causing haemorrhaging fever
56
What does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) do?
Attacks and destroys white blood cells in the immune system
57
What do people with HIV usually develop as why?
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) because their immune systems cannot protect the,m from secondary infections
58
What are ulcers
Sore areas in the stomach caused by bacteria that attacks the stomach lining
59
Do we need bacteria in our bodies?
Yes because it is essential for our health but most of the time it doesn’t affect us
60
Because most pathogens cannot grow outside their host what do they do?
Spread from one host to another so they can increase in number
61
Which infections cause people to sneeze or cough and there fore spread by air
Colds, flus a TB
62
how do colds, flus and TB get around?
They make u sneeze and cough resulting in droplets containing pathogens in the air, once in the air can survive for a day but TB can survive for months
63
How does TB spread?
Can survive for months in the air and mix with dust to blow around and infect others
64
How does fungi spread?
Spreads in the air as tiny spores
65
How do the tiny spores of chalara Ash dieback spread?
Strong winds carry the spores over long distances
66
Name a disease that spreads in water
Cholera, typhoid and dysentery
67
How come lots of water diseases are rare in more developed countries?
Because the water that we use are treated to kill pathogens
68
What is having good hygiene?
Keeping things clean and removing or killing pathogens
69
How can pathogens of the digestive system spread?
Through water and food
70
What route to digestive system pathogens take?
The oral route, go through the mouth
71
How is helicobacter bacteria spread?
When people touch other peoples food after touching their mouths or after going to the toilet, also spread on feet of flies that have fed on infected faeces and then landed on food
72
How does Ebola enter a body?
Through broken skin or eyes, nose or mouth
73
What happens when a pathogen can’t survive in the environment?
It spreads through different hosts eg malaria protist is carried in mosquitos
74
How does the mosquito infect a person?
It sucks blood from a infected person and injects the protist directly into the blood of the next person it feeds on
75
What are vectors? (To do with pathogens)
Organisms that carry pathogens from one person to the next
76
How do you control the spread of a pathogen?
Involve the controlling of the spread of the vector
77
What is the most obvious defence the body has to defend from attack of pathogens?
The skin, thick and and over most of the body
78
How can pathogens surpass skin?
Through wounds or if an animal pierces the skin
79
What is skin?
A physical barrier, pathogens have difficulty getting passed it
80
What additional defences does the skin have?
It contains glands that secrete substances onto the skin surface
81
What substances do glands secrete onto the skins surface as an additional defence?
Lysozyme
82
What does lysozyme do?
Break down the cell wall of some bacterias
83
What is lysozyme?
A chemical defence because it reacts with a substance in the pathogen and kills the pathogen or makes them inactive
84
Where else is lysozyme secreted from?
Tears, saliva and mucus p, where it helps to protect the thinner surfaces on the body
85
What is mucus?
A sticky secretion produced by many cells lining the many openings that pathogens could use the enter the body
86
What gets trapped inside the mucus?
Dust and pathogens
87
What do some of the cells that are in the nose and breathing tubes have?
Cilia, ciliates cell’s
88
What do ciliated cells do?
Move substances such as mucus across their surfaces, which helps carry dust and pathogens out of the body or into the throat, where they enter the digestive system
89
Why do some cells in the stomach secrete?
Hydrochloride acid
90
What does the hydrochloric acid in the stomach do?
Reduce the pH of the stomach contents to about 2
91
What does the acidity in the stomach at 2 do?
Kills pathogens, only a few bacteria can survive (such as helicobacter pylori)
92
What natural defence does vaginal fluid mucus have?
Lysozyme
93
What pathogens can overcome defences like lysozyme?
STIs
94
How are STIs spread?
Spread by contact with sexual fluids
95
How do you prevent the transmission of STIs?
Barrier contraception, condom
96
How else can STIs be transmitted?
From mother to unborn baby, which can harm the baby
97
What can help to indenting an STI infection so people can be treated for the disease?
Screening
98
What could be a cause for the number of new cases of chlamydia increasing?
More unprotected sex, more screenings happening
99
What happens if pathogens make it through physical and chemical Barriers?
The immune system becomes active, attacking the pathogens and trying to prevent them causing harm
100
All cells and virus particles have molecules on their outer surface, what are these called?
Antigens
101
What are antigens?
Molecules on the outside on cells and virus particles
102
How does the immune system use antigens?
To identify if something from the outside on the body is s cell of the body or something that has come from the outside
103
What are lymphocytes?
White blood cells
104
What do lymphocytes have on their surface?
Molecules called antibodies
105
What do lymphocytes with antibodies on its surface do?
Match the shape of the antigen on the pathogen and attach to the pathogen stopping it from working
106
How does the lymphocyte stop the pathogen from working?
The lymphocyte is activated and divides rapidly to produce many identical lymphocytes with the same antibodies
107
What do some of the lymphocyte cells do?
Release large amounts of identical antibodies into the blood
108
State the process of how a lymphocyte destroys a pathogen
The pathogen has an antigen / the lymphocyte has an antibody which fits perfectly onto the antigen / the antibody attaches to the antigen and stops in from working / the lymphocyte is activated to divide and produce clones of identical lymphocytes / some lymphocytes secrete large amounts of antibodies into the blood which stay there as memory lymphocytes to respond to the same antigen immediately if it ever turns up again
109
What are memory lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes with the antibodies that matched the antigen that remain in the blood
110
What will happen if the same pathogen tries to infect you again?
You’ll produce a secondary response which releases memory lymphocytes much faster and prevents you from getting ill
111
What make u immune to a pathogen?
When you don’t get sick when a pathogen enters your body because the memory lymphocytes antibodies attack the antigen before it can make you ill
112
What is immunisation?
Immunity to a pathogen
113
Hw can u become immune without having a primary response?
Artificially triggered by using a vaccine
114
What does the vaccine contain?
Weakened or inactivated pathogens or bits of pathogen that include antigen
115
How do u enter a vaccine and what does it do?
Through the mouth or blood, causes a little reaction
116
What are antibiotics?
Substances that either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell process
117
What does it mean when a bacteria inhibits a cell’s process?
Stops them growing or reproducing
118
What makes antibiotics extra helpful for humans?
They don’t attack human cells which makes them useful for attacking bacterial infections that the immune system can’t control
119
Why are having different kinds of antibiotic important?
Bacteria have different structures and they do not respond in the same way to a particular antibiotic
120
What is the main problem with antibiotics in the body?
Bacteria are evolving to be resistant so are no longer harmed by the body
121
What must scientists do to help resistance?
Develop new antibiotics and medicines to help control infection
122
What is the first step of development of a possible new medicine?
Tested on tissue or cells in the lab PRE-CLINICAL STAGE
123
What does the pre-clinical test show?
Shows if medicine can get into cells and have the REQUIRED effect
124
What do medicines contain even though they’re supposed to make us better?
Side effects
125
So what does testing of medicines do?
Tries to make sure harmful side effects are limited
126
What happens if the first stage is successful
New medicine can be tested on animals to see how it works on the whole body
127
What happens if the animal testing stage was successful?
Medicine is tested on a small CLINICAL TRIAL on a small number of healthy people
128
Why is the medicine tested on a small (clinical) group of people first?
To check that it is safe and the side effects are small
129
What happens after the clinical-trial?
A large clinical trial happens on many people who have the disease that the medicine will be used to treat
130
What does a large clinical trial help to see?
To work out the correct amount (dose) to give and to check for different side effects in different people
131
When and only when will a doctor prescribe a medicine?
If the medicine passes the: pre-clinical, clinical trial and the large clinical trial
