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Biology > Section 1 - Key concepts in biology > Flashcards

Section 1 - Key concepts in biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. Which small molecules make up the carbohydrates?
A

Glucose molecules

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2
Q
  1. Which small molecules make up proteins?
A

Amino acids

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3
Q
  1. Which small molecule makes up lipids?
A

Fatty acids

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4
Q
  1. When you chew a piece of starchy bread for a while it begins to taste sweet. Why?
A

Because you break down the large carbohydrate molecules in the bread to for the smaller glucose molecules

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5
Q
  1. Define the term biological catalyst
A

A substance found in living organisms that speeds up reactions

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6
Q
  1. Which type of smaller molecule are enzymes built from?
A

Amino acids

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7
Q
  1. Why are enzymes made form amino acids?
A

Because the proteins molecules are soluble so can speed up chemical reactions

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8
Q
  1. Name a substrate if amylase, and the products of the reaction it catalyses
A

Substrate = starch

Product of reaction = sugar

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9
Q
  1. Give 2 examples of processes that are controlled by enzymes in the human body
A

Synthesis of starch from glucose

Synthesis of DNA from its monomers

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10
Q
  1. Suggest what will happen in the cells of someone who does not make phenylalanine hydroxylase
A

They will not be able to breakdown amino acids, which can result in brain and nerve damage

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11
Q
  1. What do digestive enzymes in humans do?
A

Turn large molecules in food into smaller subunits to be absorbed by the small intestine

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12
Q
  1. Define synthesis
A

To build a large molecule from smaller molecules

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13
Q
  1. What is used to speed up synthesis and the breakdown of large molecules in the body?
A

A catalyst

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14
Q
  1. Where is amylase found?
A

In saliva and the small intestine

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15
Q
  1. Where is catalase found and what does it do?
A

In most cells, especially liver

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide

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16
Q
  1. Where is starch synthase found and what does it do?
A

In a plant

Synthesis if starch to glucose

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17
Q
  1. Where is DNA polymerase found and what does it do?
A

In the nucleus

Synthesis of DNA from its monomers

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18
Q
  1. What causes the 3D shape in a protein?
A

The folding of the amino acid chain

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19
Q
  1. Why is the 3D shape of an enzyme important?
A

Because in that shape is where you find the active site

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20
Q
  1. what is an active site?
A

Where the substrate fits at the start of a reaction

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21
Q
  1. Why can every enzyme only work with specific substrates that fit the active site?
A

Because different substrates have different shapes and different enzymes have active sites of different shapes

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22
Q
  1. Name two factors that can affect how the proteins fold up and change the shape of the active site
A

Changes to pH or temperature

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23
Q
  1. What does denatured mean?
A

Where an enzyme can no longer catalyse a reaction because the active site has changed too much for the enzyme to neatly fit in

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24
Q
  1. What is the active site of an enzyme?
A

The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds to catalyse a reaction

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25
Q
  1. Why is the active site a different shape in different enzymes?
A

Because each enzyme’s active site is suitable for one specific type of substrate because of the different order of amino acids fold into different shapes

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26
Q
  1. Explain why amylase does not break down proteins
A

Because proteins will not fit into the active site of the amylase enzyme

27
Q
  1. How does the lock and let model work to catalyse a reaction?
A

The two different substrate molecule enter the active site and the active site holds the molecules tightly in one position for bonds to firm between them and make a product molecule which is then released because the molecules no longer fit tightly.

28
Q
  1. Name 3 condition s that can affect an enzyme
A

Temperature, pH and Substrate concentration

29
Q
  1. Explain why enzymes work more slowly when the temperature is below optimum
A

As the temperature increases molecules move faster, higher speeds increase chances of substrate molecules colliding into enzyme molecules and slotting into the active sites. So if not at optimum they’re not moving their fastest

30
Q
  1. Explain why enzymes work more slowly when the temperature is above optimum
A

Because as the temperature gets too high the enzyme molecule changes shape so it finds it harder to slot into the active site so up there are less reactions

31
Q
  1. What happens to pH molecules above and below the optimum pH?
A

The shape of the active site is affected and so the enzyme does not work so well

32
Q
  1. Explain the rate of substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction
A

At low concentrations: enzyme molecules have empty active sites so the rate of reaction is slow
At high concentrations: most enzyme active sites contain substrate molecules and the rate of reaction is as fast as it can be

33
Q
  1. What do protease enzymes digest?
A

Proteins

34
Q
  1. Explain why smells spread
A

Because if diffusion

35
Q
  1. What causes the overall movement of particles?
A

The particles in liquids and gases constantly mocing last each other in different directions

36
Q
  1. What concentration gradient does diffusion move across?
A

A high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient)

37
Q
  1. What does diffusion allow?
A

For small molecules to move into and out of cells

38
Q
  1. What is a partially permeable membrane?
A

A membrane that allows some molecules through it but not others

39
Q
  1. Describe how osmosis works
A

It’s the overall movement of water molecules from a side where there are more water molecules to a side where there are fewer water molecules / the diffusion of small molecules of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane.

40
Q
  1. When will the overall movement of solvent molecules stop?
A

When the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of the membrane

41
Q
  1. Explain why red blood cells burst if put in pure water
A

Because water moves into the blood cells as it’s concentration is less than the environment and due to the pressure from the water absorbed, they burst.

42
Q
  1. What’s the equation to calculate mass change?
A

(Final mass - initial mass) / initial mass x 100

43
Q
  1. Which way does the concentration gradient flow in osmosis
A

From dilute to concentrated / from low to high concentration

44
Q
  1. When would a cell use active transport?
A

To transport a molecule against a concentration gradient or transport molecules that are too big to diffuse through the cell membrane

45
Q
  1. How is active transport carried out?
A

Transport proteins capture certain molecules and carry them across the cell membrane

46
Q
  1. How is active transport different from osmosis and diffusion
A

It requires energy (because it’s an active process) whereas the others don’t (they’re passive processes)

47
Q
  1. Give two examples of active transport
A

Root hair cells (to absorb mineral ions)

Small intestine villi cells (to maximise absorption of glucose)

48
Q
  1. Which way does active transport transport dissolved substances through s concentration gradient?
A

From a low to high concentration gradient

49
Q
  1. Which specialised cell lines the small intestine for digestion?
A

Microvilli

50
Q
  1. Why are the adaptation sin microvilli useful?
A

Because they increase the surface area if the cell to give more area for molecules to be absorbed, so it happens faster

51
Q
  1. How may a muscle in the small intestine, used to squeeze food along, be adapted for its job?
A

It has a lot of mitochondria because it requires lots of energy

52
Q
  1. What does diploid mean?
A

A cell with two sets of chromosomes

53
Q
  1. What does haploid mean?
A

A cell with one copy of chromosomes

54
Q
  1. Where does fertilisation occur?
A

In the oviduct

55
Q
  1. How are oviduct cells adapted for transporting egg cells?
A

They have hair like cilia

56
Q
  1. What are epithelial cells?
A

Cells that line structures in bodies

57
Q
  1. What do cilia cells look like?
A

Short sperm cells tails that are covered in cell membrane and contain strands of a substance that can contract and cause wavy movement

58
Q
  1. List four specialised human cells and state their functions
A

Microvilli, to allow more absorption in the small intestine
Acrosomes, contain enzymes to break down the jelly egg layer
Jelly coat on egg, to protect egg cell and harden after fertilisation
Cilia, to move the egg cell along the oviduct

59
Q
  1. Compare and contrast microvilli and cilia
A

Cilia move, microvilli don’t

They both are epithelial cells

60
Q
  1. Explain why an egg cell does not need a tail but a sperm does
A

Because the egg doesn’t have to move itself because of the cilia but the sperm needs to swim to the egg

61
Q
  1. What is a eukaryotic cell
A

A cell with a nucleus

62
Q
  1. How do you estimate the field of view?
A

Diameter / amount of cells across the fov

63
Q
  1. How do you work out a microscopes magnification ?
A

Eyepiece lens x objective lens

64
Q
  1. Define resolution
A

The distance seen between two points that can still be seen as two points

Biology (6 decks)

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