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Biology > Section 4 - Natural Selection And Genetic Modification > Flashcards

Section 4 - Natural Selection And Genetic Modification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is binomial system?

A

Way for naming species today

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2
Q

What is evolution

A

A gradual change in characteristics in a species overtime

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3
Q

What’s used to see human evolution?

A

Fossils

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4
Q

Why don’t fossils show smooth changes over time?

A

There is undiscovered fossils

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5
Q

How old is Ardi?

A

4.4 million years

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6
Q

What features did ardi have?

A

Long arms, leg bones upright to walk, long big toes

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7
Q

What did Ardi’s long big toes help her with?

A

Gripping around trees to climb them

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8
Q

How old is Lucy?

A

3.2 million years

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9
Q

When was lucy discovered?

A

1974

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10
Q

When was ardi discovered?

A

1992

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11
Q

What features did Lucy have?

A

Could probably walk upright, have toes arranged like humans but more curved

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12
Q

Who found homo habilis?

A

Mart and Louis leaky in the 1960s

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13
Q

How old are homo habilis fossils?

A

2.4-1.4 million years

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14
Q

State features of the homo habilis creatures

A

Short with long arms but walked upright

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15
Q

How old is homo erectus?

A

1.6 million years old

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16
Q

Where was homo erectus found?

A

Asia but complete skeleton was found in kenya in 1984

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17
Q

What did the fact that homo erectus was found is Kenya mean?

A

That humans evolved in Africa

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18
Q

How tall was homo erectus?

A

1.79m and strongly built

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19
Q

How long ago do we date human like animals using stone tools?

A

3.3 million years

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20
Q

How do scientists work out the ages of different layers of rock?

A

Find out the ages of different layers of rock and compare those to the stone tool

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21
Q

What are the oldest stone tools like and what are they used for?

A

Very simple, skinning an animal, cutting up meat

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22
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Characteristics of individuals vary due to different genes

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23
Q

What is environmental change?

A

Conditions change in an area (eg lack of resource causes competition)

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24
Q

What is natural selection?

A

By change, variations of some individuals make them better at coping with change than others, and more likely to survive

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25
Q

What is inheritance?

A

Survivors breed and pass on their variations to their offspring. So next gen. contains more individuals with the better adapted version

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26
Q

What is evolution?

A

If Environmental conditions remain changed, natural selection occurs over and over again and a new species evolves with all the individuals having better a better adapted version

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27
Q

Why do elephants and woolly mammoths share a common ancestor?

A

Because they evolved from the same animal

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28
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

Bacteria in a population vary in amount of resistance / with time antibiotic kill more and more of bacteria and those most resistant take longer to die / resistant bacteria survive and reproduce to create a population of resistant bacteria

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29
Q

What happens when people stop taking an antibiotic too early?

A

It leaves resistant bacteria still alive, making them reproduce and spread, causing infections that can no longer be treated with antibiotics

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30
Q

What is the classification system?

A

Dividing organisms into groups based on what they look like

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31
Q

What where the largest kingdoms in the classification system?

A

Plants and animals

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32
Q

What then happened to the groups in the classification system?

A

They got smaller and smaller and characteristics of organisms in a group got more and more similar

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33
Q

What are the last 2 groups in the classification system called?

A

Genus and species

34
Q

What do the last two groups in the classification system give?

A

The organisms it’s binomial name

35
Q

Why is using characteristics for classification causing problems?

A

Because organisms have evolved similar characteristics but are not closely related

36
Q

How did they change the classification system to fix the error?

A

So that the smaller groups contained organisms that had all evolved from recent common ancestors

37
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms we use today?

A

Animal, plant, fungus, protist, prokaryotes

38
Q

What are the characteristics of an organism in prokaryotes?

A

No nucleus / unicellular / flexible cell wall

39
Q

What did the development of genetic analysis show about organisms?

A

Organisms apart from prokaryotes have unused sections of DNA in their genes

40
Q

What do unused sections of DNA do

A

Most sections of DNA make protein but these ones do not help with this

41
Q

Why are archaea not in the prokaryotes kingdom?

A

Because they have unused sections of DNA

42
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

43
Q

What are the characteristics of archaea?

A

Unused sections of DNA , no nucleus

44
Q

State characteristics of bacteria

A

No nucleus / no unused sections of DNA

45
Q

State characteristics of eukarya

A

Nucleus / unused sections of DNA.

46
Q

What changes can scientists look at to work out how closely related 2 organisms are

A

By looking at the slow changes in DNA

47
Q

If 2 organisms have more DNA in common, what does this mean?

A

They more recently evolved from a common ancestor, so are more closely related

48
Q

Why would our classification system get updated?

A

As DNA analysis gets faster and more precise

49
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

When humans choose certain organisms because they have useful characteristics

50
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Breeding organisms with better characteristics to get better offspring

51
Q

How do we get new breeds of animal and new varieties of plant species?

A

Selective breeding

52
Q

Why did farmers selectively breed wheat?

A

Because the plants produced few grains and the grains fell of the plant when ripe. So selectively bred to get more grain that stayed in plant

53
Q

What characteristics are plants and animals generally bred for?

A

Disease resistance / yield / coping with environmental conditions / fast growth / flavour

54
Q

What does genetic engineering involve?

A

Changing the DNA of one organism (it’s genome) by inserting genes from another organism

55
Q

What does genetic engineering produce?

A

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

56
Q

What is the difference between artificial selection and genetic engineering?

A

Genetic engineering is much faster but more expensive

57
Q

How do they produce golden rice?

A

Insert two genes into the rice’s genome, one from daffodil one from bacterium. This produces beta-carotene to make vitamin A

58
Q

What are some GMOs resistant to?

A

Disease causing organisms

59
Q

What are scientists trying to develop with GMOs resistant to disease-causing organisms?

A

Develop GMO sheep and pigs to treat human disease

60
Q

What can GM bacteria make?

A

Useful substances like antibiotics and other medicines

61
Q

What causes variation in characteristics?

A

Different alleles

62
Q

What is the issue with selective breeding?

A

Only certain alleles are selected so others become rare or disappear and these could be useful for the future (ie in medicine)

63
Q

Why is farming huge numbers of the same breed also a problem?

A

All organisms are very similar so if a change in conditions affects one organism it affects all organisms (ie rapid spread of disease)

64
Q

State a 3rd problem with selective breeding

A

Animal welfare (eg. A selectively bred chicken produces so much breast meat it can hardly stand up)

65
Q

Why have crops been GMed to be resistant to insects?

A

So less insecticide is needed

66
Q

What is herbicide?

A

Weed killer

67
Q

Why is herbicide a good alternative to GM crops that are resistant

A

It’s cheaper

68
Q

What is the worry with GM crops?

A

They may reproduce with wild plant varieties and pass on their resistance genes, these genes may also have unknown consequences in wild plants

69
Q

What do some people think about eating GM organisms?

A

That they’re bad for health (but there is no evidence to support this)

70
Q

What can GM bacteria produce that is useful?

A

Insulin

71
Q

Why is GM bacteria a better alternative that insulin from dead pigs and cows?

A

Because it is cheaper and suitable for vegans or people who don’t eat beef or pork for religious reasons

72
Q

What is a disadvantage to using GM bacteria insulin to dead animal insulin?

A

The insulin from mammals is different to that in bacteria so not all diabetics can use it

73
Q

What does bacteria have that holds its DNA?

A

A large loop of DNA and small circles of DNA called plasmids

74
Q

How do you genetically engineer bacteria?

A

Additional genes are added to a plasmid

75
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

DNA made by joining two sections of DNA together

76
Q

What do scientists use restriction enzymes for?

A

Cutting a useful gene out of an organisms DNA

77
Q

When cutting DNA with restriction enzymes it leaves strands of DNA with jagged ends, what is this called?

A

Sticky ends

78
Q

What happens if 2 sticky ends match?

A

They can be joined together with an enzyme

79
Q

What is the enzyme that joins the sticky ends together called?

A

Ligament

80
Q

What is a vector?

A

Something that transfers things from one place to another (one DNA molecule to another DNA cell)

81
Q

State the whole process of how you genetically engineer bacteria

A

Restriction enzymes make staggered cuts in the dna molecules! producing a few unpaired bases at each ends ‘sticky ends’ / a section of dna containing a gene for making insulin is cut from a human chromosome in this way / restriction enzymes also cut plasmids open by using the same restriction enzymes as used on the human chromosome, the cut plasmids have the same sticky ends / sections of DNA containing insulin gene are mixed with the cut plasmids. The complimentary bases on the sticky ends pair up and the enzyme ligament joins them together / plasmids are the inserted back into the bacteria which are grown in huge tanks. The insulin they make can now be easily extracted

Biology (6 decks)

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