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Biology > Section 7 - Inherited change > Flashcards

Section 7 - Inherited change Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a gene?

A

An inherited instruction which codes for a polypeptide

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2
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different version of the same gene due to a mutation

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3
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic constitution of an organism

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4
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Observable traits of an organism

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5
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

When the allele on each chromosome is the same

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6
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

When the allele on each chromosome is different

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7
Q

What does codominant mean?

A

When 2 alleles both contribute to the phenotype

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8
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A cross in which the alleles of only one gene are involved

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9
Q

What are the steps to formulating a monohybrid cross?

A
  1. Determine gametes from each parents
  2. Create a punnet square
  3. Determine phenotypic ratio
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10
Q

What is codominance?

A

When alleles share dominance of a characteristic

-When both codominant alleles are present, phenotype shows mixture of characteristics

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11
Q

What is the expected ratio/ percentage of homozygous codominant genetic cross?

A

100% blended allele

white + red = pink

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12
Q

What are the 4 different blood groups?

A

AB, A, B, O

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13
Q

What is the expected ratio of a heterozygous codominant genetic cross?

A

1:1:1:1

25% of each

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14
Q

What is the genotype of the blood group A?

A

AA or AO

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15
Q

What is the genotype of the blood group B?

A

BB or BO

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16
Q

What is the genotype of the blood group AB?

A

AB

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17
Q

What is the genotype of the blood group O?

A

OO

18
Q

What is dihybrid inheritance?

A

Inheritance of 2 genes (with 2 different alleles each) on different chromosomes.

As alleles are on different chromosomes they can pass into the gametes in any combination

19
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A cross in which the alleles of 2 different genes are involved.

20
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a heterozygous dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:3:1

21
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Cross in which one of the individuals is homozygous recessive

22
Q

What is the expected ratio of a recessive and heterozygous dihybrid cross?

A

1:1:1:1

23
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Describes genes whose loci are on the same chromosome.

24
Q

What is autosomal linkage?

A

Applies to genes which are non-sex chromosomes

25
Q

What would the gametes from AaBb be if the genes were linked?

A

AB

ab

26
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for most male and female?

A

Males- XY

Females- XX

27
Q

What sex chromosomes is bigger and carries more genes?

A

X chromosomes

28
Q

What is one limitation of using a line transect to collect data?

A

Transect line may not go through representative area

29
Q

What are two features of a climax community?

A

Abiotic factors are constant

Populations are stable around carrying capacity

Same species is present over long time

30
Q

Why are recessive characteristics more common in males?

A

No homologous allele present

Characteristics caused by recessive allele have greater chance of appearing

Will appear even through there is only 1 copy

31
Q

What is the chi-squared test?

A

Used to assess if observed results are significantly different to those expected

Data must be categorial and consist of raw values

Degrees of freedom: classes -1

32
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

There’s no difference between observed and expected results

33
Q

In the chi-squared test, if the calculated value is LESS than the critical value then…

A

Accept null hypothesis

More than 95% probability any difference is due to chance

No significant difference between observed and expected results

34
Q

In the chi-squared test, if the calculated value is MORE than the critical value…

A

Reject null hypothesis

Less than 5% probability that results are due to chance

Significant difference between observed and expected results

35
Q

What is epistasis?

A

When the alleles of one gene mask the expression of the alleles of another gene

36
Q

What is dominant epistasis?

A

A dominant allele at one gene locus masks the expression of alleles at a second gene locus

37
Q

What is the expected ratio of a heterozygous cross involved in dominant epitasis?

A

12:3:1

38
Q

What is recessive epistasis?

A

Two recessive alleles at one gene locus will mask the expression of alleles at a second gene locus

39
Q

What is the expected ratio of a heterozygous cross involved in recessive epitasis?

A

9:3:4

40
Q

What is linkage?

A

2 or more genes on same chromosome, inherited together

41
Q

What is epistatsis?

A

The interaction between 2 alleles

42
Q

Suggest one reason why observed ratios are often not the same as expected ratios?

A

Fertilisation is random

Fusion of gametes is random

Sample is small

Biology (25 decks)

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