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Biology > Section 5- Respiration > Flashcards

Section 5- Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The release of energy from organic compounds.

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2
Q

What is the process of glycolysis in respiration?

A

2x ATP phosphorylate glucose into glucose phosphate and then hexose bisphosphate.

Destabilises glucose splitting into 2x triose phosphate.

TP oxidised into pyruvate, reducing NAD into reduced NAD.
ATP is also released.

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3
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2x ATP
2x reduced NAD
2x Pyruvate

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4
Q

After glycolysis, what is the process of anaerobic respiration?

A

In absence of oxygen, pyruvate stays in cytoplasm.

Reduced NAD must be recycled back to oxidised NAD so process of glycolysis can continue

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5
Q

What 4 stages is aerobic respiration divided into?

A

Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

In short, what is glycolysis?

A

Splitting of glucose into 2x 3C pyruvate molecules

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7
Q

In short, what is the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate molecules enter into a series of reactions which lead to the formation of acetyl coenzyme A

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8
Q

In short, what is the Krebs cycle?

A

Intro of acetyl coenzyme A into cycle of oxidation-reduction reactions that produces ATP, reduced NAD, FAD.

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9
Q

In short, what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Use of electrons, associated with reduced NAD and FAD, released from Krebs cycle to synthesise ATP with water produced.

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10
Q

What is the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate is actively transported into the matrix of the mitochondria.

Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate.

3C pyruvate loses CO2 molecule and 2H.
H is accepted by NAD, forming reduced NAD.

2C acetate combines with coenzyme A, producing acetylcoenzyme A.

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11
Q

What are the products of the link reaction?

A

2x reduced NAD
2x CO2
2x Acetylcoenzyme A

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12
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle?

A

2C acetlycoenzyme A combined with
4C oxaloacetate, producing 6C citric acid.

6C citric acid loses CO2 and H to give 4C oxaloacetate and ATP as a result of substrate level phosphorylation.

4C molecule now combines with acetylcoenzyme A to begin cycle again.

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13
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A 
2x reduced FAD
6x reduced NAD
2x ATP
4x CO2
(2x coenzyme A)
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14
Q

Why does the Krebs cycle perform an important role?

A

Produces hydrogen atoms which provides energy for oxidative phosphorylation

ATP produced provides metabolic energy for cell

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15
Q

How many carbons are there in a single molecule of pyruvate?

A

3

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16
Q

What is the 2 carbon molecule pyruvate is converted into during the link reaction?

A

Acetate

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17
Q

In what part of the cell does the Krebs cycle take place in?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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18
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane/ Cristae

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19
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Energised electrons join electron transport chain and use energy to pump H+ ions across membrane generating electrochemical gradient.

Chemiosmosis occurs and H+ moves back into matrix by ATP synthase by facilitated diffusion.

Provides energy for ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP.

Oxygen is final electron acceptor that forms water.

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20
Q

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

A

Final electron acceptor in electron transport chain.

Produces water as by-product

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21
Q

What are 2 molecule that can be used as alternative respiratory substances?

A

Proteins (amino acids)

Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids)

22
Q

What is the benefit of an electron transport chain rather than a single reaction?

A

Energy is released gradually

Less energy is released as heat

23
Q

How can lipids act as an alternative respiratory substrate?

A
  1. Phosphorylation of glycerol- TP for glycolysis
  2. Fatty acid- acetate
    a) acetate enters link reaction
    b) H atoms produced for oxidative phosphorylation.
24
Q

How can amino acids act as an alternative respiratory substrate?

A

Deamination produces:

  1. 3C compounds- pyruvate for link reaction
  2. 4C- 5C compounds- intermediated in Krebs cycle
25
Q

What is the advantage of producing ethanol/ lactate during anaerobic respiration?

A

Converts NADH back into NAD so glycolysis can continue

26
Q

What is the disadvantage of producing ethanol during anaerobic respiration?

A

Cells die when ethanol concentration is above 12%

Ethanol dissolves cell membranes

27
Q

What is the disadvantage of producing lactate during anaerobic respiration?

A

Acidic, so decreases pH

Results in muscle fatigue

28
Q

What is the disadvantage of producing lactate during anaerobic respiration?

A

Acidic, so decreases pH

Results in muscle fatigue

29
Q

Why are the processes in the electron transfer chain also known as oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Movement of electrons along the chain is due to oxidation.

Energy from electrons combines inorganic phosphate and ADP to form ATP = phosphorylation.

30
Q

What is one advantage of the highly folded membrane to the electron transfer chain?

A

Provides larger surface area of membrane incorporating coenzymes and electron carries that transfer the electrons along the chain

31
Q

As part of which molecule does the oxygen taken into an organism leave after being respired?

A

Water molecule

32
Q

What is the process of anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Pyruvate loses molecule of CO2 and accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD to produce ethanol.

Pyruvate + reduced NAD -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + oxidised NAD

33
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Pyruvate + reduced NAD
–>
ethanol + carbon dioxide + oxidised NAD

34
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Pyruvate + reduced NAD -> lactate + oxidised NAD

35
Q

Why is oxygen needed for the production of ATP on the cristae of the mitochondrion?

A

Oxygen is electron acceptor

Forms water with electrons and hydrogen atoms

ATP forms as electrons pass along transport chain

36
Q

Why is converting pyruvate to ethanol important in allowing the continued production of ATP in anaerobic respiration?

A

Reduced NAD must be recycled back to oxidised NAD so glycolysis can continue

37
Q

Why is ATP better than glucose or fatty acids as an immediate source of energy for cell metabolism?

A

Easily hydrolysed into ADP + Pi

Released in small quantities

No waste

38
Q

What is the 2-carbon molecule that pyruvate is converted to during the link reaction?

A

Acetylcoenzyme A

39
Q

In precisely what part of the cell does the Krebs cycle take place in?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

40
Q

What is the important role of oxygen taken up by organisms in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen is final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions in electron transfer chain

Without it electrons would accumulate along chain and respiration would cease

41
Q

As part of which molecule does the oxygen taken into an organism leave after being respired?

A

Water molecule

42
Q

In the respiration practical, how is the rate of reaction calculated?

A

Rate= distance travelled (mm)/ time (s)

43
Q

In the respiration practical, what does the tolerance of yeast cells mean to the different NaCl solutions?

A

Yeast is freely permeable

Yeast cell releases water when high NaCl concentration

Water is necessary for respiration, osmosis slows reproduction/ fermentation of yeast

44
Q

What is the advantage of presenting results as a ratio?

A

So results are comparable of one another

As sample size may vary

45
Q

What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Water

ATP

NAD

46
Q

What is the number of ATP molecules that are made directly ‘per turn’ of the Krebs cycle?

A

1

47
Q

What is the number of NADH and FADH molecules that are formed in the Krebs cycle from one molecule of acetyl CoA?

A

NADH: 3

FADH: 1

48
Q

Where are the reduced NAD and reduced FAD molecules reoxidised and what happens to the hydrogen atoms?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

Hydrogen splits into protons and electrons

Proton gradient

Formation of water

49
Q

During an experiment into respiration measuring the rate of oxygen consumption, why does the coloured liquid in tubing move towards tube with organism in?

A

Aerobic respiration causes release of CO2 which is absorbed

Oxygen needs to be taken in

Movement due to oxygen taken in decreasing pressure in tubing

50
Q

What is the role of NAD in respiration?

A

NAD is a coenzyme

Transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another

When reduced it can oxidise other molecules

51
Q

How could a colorimeter be used to estimate the rate of respiration in a test tube containing a yeast suspension and methylene blue?

A

Samples taken from test tube at regular intervals and analysed

Time it takes for the absorbance to drop to that of a yeast suspension without any methylene blue could be used to calculate rate of respiration

52
Q

Respiration produces more ATP per molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen than it does when oxygen is absent. Why?

A

Oxygen is final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation

Biology (25 decks)

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