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Biology > Section 3- Circulatory system > Flashcards

Section 3- Circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does double circulation mean?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice in every circulation of the body

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2
Q

What are the 2 circuits that make up the double circulation system in humans?

A
  • Pulmonary circuit

- Systemic circuit

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3
Q

What are the advantages of having double circulation?

A
  • Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix

- Allows different blood pressures in the systemic and pulmonary circuits

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4
Q

What is the name of the membranes encapsulated by the heart and what does it do?

A

Pericardium

Prevents over expansion

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5
Q

What is the name of the walls of the heart?

A

Myocardium

Cardiac muscle

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6
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

The heart is able to generate its own electric activity

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7
Q

What blood vessel joins the right ventricle of the heart to the capillaries of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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8
Q

What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the kidney?

A

Renal vein

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9
Q

What is the first main blood vessel that an oxygen molecule reaches after being absorbed from an alveolus?

A

Pulmonary vein

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10
Q

What are the names of the valves located between the atrium and ventricle?

A

Atrioventricular valves

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11
Q

What are the valves for?

A

Preventing back-flow of blood

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12
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Connected to left ventricle

Carries oxygenated blood to the body

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13
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

Connected to right atrium

Brings deoxygenated blood back from the tissues to the heart

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14
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

Connected to right ventricle

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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15
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

Connected to left atrium

Brings oxygenated blood back from lungs to heart

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16
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

The blood vessels that are supplied to the heart muscle

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17
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Sequence of events in 1 heartbeat

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18
Q

What are the 2 alternate beating phases of the heart called and what do they mean?

A

Systole = contraction

Diastole = relaxation

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19
Q

What controls the opening of valves?

A

Pressure in the relative chambers

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20
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

Contraction of atrial walls
Relaxation of ventricle walls

Forces remaining blood into ventricles from atria

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21
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A

Walls of ventricle contract whilst filling with blood
Increases blood pressure
Forces AV valves shut

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22
Q

What is ventricular diastole?

A

Atria and ventricle are relaxed
Blood returns to atria
As atria fills, pressure rises.

When pressure exceeds ventricles, AV valves open allowing blood into ventricles
SL valves shut as pressure is reduced from relaxation and recoil

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23
Q

When are the AV valves open?

A

Atrial systole

Diastole

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24
Q

When are the SL valves open?

A

Ventricular systole

25
Q

When are the AV valves closed?

A

Ventricular systole

26
Q

When are the SL valves closed?

A

Atrial systole

Diastole

27
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped around the body

28
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped by the ventricle in each heart beat

29
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Number of times heart beats per minute

30
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

31
Q

How would an asthma attack cause the drop in the mean FEV?

A
  • Muscle walls of bronchi contract
  • Walls of bronchi secrete more mucus
  • Diameter of airways reduced
  • Flow of air reduced
32
Q

Why do the semi-lunar valves open?

A

Pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in the atrium

33
Q

Why do the atrioventricular valves open?

A

Pressure in atria exceeds pressure in ventricles

34
Q

What is the basic layering of arteries and veins?

A

Tunica adventitia
-Outer layer containing collagen/ elastic fibres

Tunica media
-Middle layer containing smooth muscle and elastic fibres

Tunica intima
-Endothelium (single layer of cells)

Lumen
-Hollow centre of tube

35
Q

What are the specialised structure/ features of arteries?

A

Thick walls
-Transports blood at high pressure

Collagen and elastic fibres in walls
-Ensures blood remains at high pressure

Tick walls = narrow lumen

36
Q

What are the specialised structure/ features of arterioles?

A

Lower pressure of blood

Thinner walls with elastic tissue (smooth muscle)
-Allows constrict and regulate blood flow to different areas of body

37
Q

What are the specialised structure/ features of veins?

A
  • Low pressure of blood
  • Thinner walls
  • Wide lumen
  • Contains valves preventing backflow
38
Q

What are the specialised structure/ feature of capillaries?

A

One cell thick
-Reduce diffusion distance

Take blood close to all cells to deliver and remove substances

39
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Liquid that surrounds all cells

40
Q

What is tissue fluid the result of the balance between?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure

- Osmotic pressure

41
Q

What are the 3 types of tissue fluid?

A

Tissues fluid
Blood
Lymph

42
Q

When does hydrostatic pressure occur?

A

Due to volume of blood pushing against walls of blood vessels

43
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

A net loss of water from capillaries

44
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A
  1. Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the capillaries a the arterial end

Dissolved gases and nutrients move with it
Large plasms and proteins and cells do not

  1. Osmotic pressure: net loss of water from capillaries (due to hydrostatic pressure) gives blood more negative water potential

Water moves down water potential gradient into capillaries by osmosis

  1. Not all fluid passes back into capillaries
    Excess output needs to be collected to avoid tissues swelling
    Net excess is drained into vessels of lymphatic system
    (the lymph)
    Lymph drains back into circulatory system
45
Q

What is the pressure division at the arterial end of the vessel?

A

hydrostatic pressure > osmotic pressure

46
Q

What is the pressure division at the venous end of the vessel?

A

osmotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure

47
Q

Why does tissue fluid accumulate in tissues of people who do not eat enough protein?

A

Less protein causes water potential to not become as negative so less water can be absorbed

48
Q

How can blood cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

Low-density lipoproteins: transport cholesterol from liver to tissues
- leads to development of atheroma which leads to heart disease

49
Q

How can diet increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

High levels of salt raise blood pressure

High levels of saturated fat increase low-density lipoprotein levels hence blood cholesterol concentration

50
Q

What is an atheroma?

A

Build up of fatty acid deposits, which forms within the endothelium of an artery

Can lead to thrombosis or an aneurysm

51
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When an artery in the brain bursts and blood leaks into the brain tissue

Brain tissue becomes starved of oxygen

52
Q

How does high blood pressure lead to an accumulation of tissue fluid?

A

High blood pressure = High hydrostatic pressure

Increased outward pressure from arterial end of capillary

More tissue fluid formed

53
Q

Why is water potential of blood plasma more negative at venule end of capillary than arteriole end?

A

Water has left capillary
Proteins in blood are too large to leave capillary
Increasing higher concentration of blood proteins

54
Q

How do capillaries running over the surface of the alveoli improve efficiency of gaseous exchange?

A

Delivers carbon dioxide to alveoli

Carrier oxygen away

55
Q

What is the type of muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers?

A

Cardiac muscle

56
Q

What is the process that creates pressure inside the heart chambers?

A

Contraction/ systole

57
Q

How can higher than normal concentration of salt in blood entering capillaries lead to build-up of tissue fluid?

A

Results in lower water potential of tissue fluid so less water returns to capillary by osmosis.

58
Q

How is the aorta adapted to its function?

A

Has folded inner lining

Allows maintenance of high pressure

Large muscular walls - contracting and recoiling

Biology (25 decks)

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