Section 7 Flashcards
When are the fundamental motor skills developed?
in preschool years
When are the basic motor skills developed?
by age 6-7
‘Mature’ skill development
basic movement —–> complex motor skills
Fitness assessment
combination of motor tasks
State/condition that allows us to carry out daily activities without undue fatigue with ‘reserve’ to enjoy active leisure activity
Physical fitness
3 basic components of physical fitness
- muscular strength/endurance
- cardiorespiratory endurance
- motor ability
muscular strength/endurance
ability to express force and force/time
cardiorespiratory endurance
delivery/removal system - prolonged activity
motor ability
task-specific performance (speed, agility)
1950’s fitness assessment
performance-related focus
1950's standardized motor tasks: speed = ... ... = shuttle run power = ... upper body strength = .... ... = sit ups ... = ball throw cardiovascular endurance = ...
- 50 yard dash
- agility
- standing long jump
- pull up
- abdominal strength
- power/coordination
- 600-yard run
Fitness assessment focused on health-related fitness
late 1970’s/early 1980’s
1994 (Bouchard and Shephard) fitness assessment
physical + physiological fitness
- morphological (form and structure) - BMI/BMD
- muscular
- motor
- cardiovascular
- metabolic (blood pressure, lipids)
Is there a low relationship between physical activity and fitness?
yes
Types of strength
- static/isometric
- explosive strength/power
- dynamic
- muscular endurance
Static/isometric strength
grip strength, pull/push, knee/elbow
Explosive strength/power
maximal force/shortest time - jumping
Repetitive contraction - pull/push-ups
Dynamic strength
flex-arm hand, sit-up/time
muscular endurance
How to test muscular power and motor coordination
jumping and throwing
How to test speed and agility
running
How to test motor performance - static/dynamic
balance
How to test range of motion across joints
flexibility (sit+reach)
What is the most common measure in early childhood performance?
grip strength
Agility, jumping, speed, catch/throw gradual_________ to age __
increase, 6
Boys >______
power/speed
Girls>________
balance/flexibility
Ages 5-8
speed/shuttle run - ___________
jump/throw/strength - ___________
muscular endurance (flexed arm) - ______>_______
- considerable increase (both ages)
- gradual increase
- boy>girls
Middle childhood/adolescent performance
- average performance in girls linear increase
- girls within 1 SD below boys
Strength linear increases to ages_______
14/15
Static strength
- linear increase boys to 13-14, girls to 16-17
- girls less intense spurt
How to measure muscle dynamics - force production
EMG and torque
After age 11, boys 70 to ______% increase
100
After age 11, girls ___ to 60% increase
50
Eccentric >/< concentric strength
Eccentric > concentric
Muscle endurance (flexed arm hang)
Girls - linear increase 5- 17
Boys - linear increase 5 - 13/14, adolescent spurt
Abdominal strength/endurance
Girls - linear increase to age 14, plateau
Boys - linear increase to age 13, acceleration in adolescence
Jumping
- linear increase (both gender) to 14
- boys have adolescent spurt
Throwing
Girls - linear increase, adolescent plateau
Boys - linear increase, adolescent spurt
Running speed
- dramatic speed increase (age 5-8; both genders)
Boys - increase 5 to 18, slight adolescent spurt
Girls - increase 5 to 13/14, plateau
Running agility
Girls - continuous increase 8 - 13/14, plateau
Boys - continuous increase 8 - 18, slight acceleration after 13
Flexibility
Girls - more flexible, stable ages 5 to 11, dramatic adolescent spurt (increase due to increase in sitting height and lone bones (arm))
Boys - decline 5-12, linear increase to 18 (nadir- coincident with lower leg growth spurt)
Flexibility gender difference
due to lower extremity/trunk growth timing and anatomical/functional joint differences
Balance
no dramatic gender difference
Girls, lots of variation in…..
flexed arm hang, sit and reach
