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Growth & Maturation > Section 5 > Flashcards

Section 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 body composition models?

A

Atomic, Molecular, Cellular, Tissue, Whole Body

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2
Q

Atomic level

A

95% - O, N, C, H

4.5% - Na, K, P, Cl, Ca, Mg, S

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3
Q

Molecular level

A

Water, lipids, protein, minerals (small weight of CHO)

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4
Q

Cellular level

A

Cells and extracellular fluids and solids

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5
Q

What is cell mass?

A

intracellular fluids/solids

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6
Q

Tissue level

A

skeletal muscle, organs, bones, adipose, and residual

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7
Q

Whole body level

A

size, shape, physique

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8
Q

Two-component model

A

Body weight = FFM + FM

traditional

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9
Q

What is FFM?

A

water, protein, mineral (anything that is not adipose tissue)

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10
Q

Three-component model

A

Body weight = TBW + FFDM + FM

use today

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11
Q

What is the largest component of weight / can measure?

A

Total body water

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12
Q

What is FFDM?

A

protein, glycogen, bone/soft tissue mineral

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13
Q

Four component model

A

Body weight = TBW + BM + FM + residual

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14
Q

Fat mass has a negative or positive influence on activity/performance?

A

negative

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15
Q

90% non essential lipids

A

triglycerides for energy

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16
Q

10% essential lipids

A

omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

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17
Q

Why are the essential lipids important?

A

cell function, inflammatory, mood, behaviour

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18
Q

What does densitometry measure?

A

body density (mass/volume)

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19
Q

What is denser, water or fat?

A

water

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20
Q

What is hydrostatic weighing?

A

weight in air - weight underwater = body density

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21
Q

What does hydrometry measure?

A

Total body water (estimation of FFM)

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22
Q

% water composition in body

A

55-65%

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23
Q

What method uses an isotope tracer of a known amount and calculated the known volume/mass?

A

Isotope Dilution Method (measures TBW)

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24
Q

What does measuring the potassium concentration estimate?

A

FFM

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25
Q

DEXA

A

measures bone mineral/fat-free soft tissue

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26
Q

Low radiation exposure method

A

DEXA

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27
Q

What does BIA measure? (bioelectrical impedance analysis)

A

measurement of the body’s impedance to the flow of an electrical current from source to sink electrodes (ankle to wrist)

28
Q

Low impedance

A

FFM

29
Q

High impedance

A

FM

30
Q

How to calculate FM

A

FM= BW-FFM

31
Q

Does body density increase or decrease in boys age 8/10?

A

decrease

32
Q

What happens to body density for boys at ages 16/17?

A

Linear increase

33
Q

What happens to girls body density at ages 8/11?

A

decreases

34
Q

True or false:

At age 14, body density for girls slightly increases then plateaus

A

true

35
Q

Do girls have a higher body fat percentage than boys?

A

yes

36
Q

During adolescence, which gender has the higher spurt in TBW?

A

boys

37
Q

What are the two components of body composition?

A

FM and FFM

38
Q

What is absolute fat mass

A

kg

39
Q

Who has higher fat mass after age 8?

A

girls

40
Q

What is relative fat mass

A

%

41
Q

True or false:

Boys have a greater % body fat than girls

A

false

42
Q

Describe apidogenesis

A

Adiphoblasts—–> preadipocytes——-> very small adipocytes—-> mature adipocytes

43
Q

Adipose cells

A
  • clustered in fat droplets
  • many cells supported by collagen
  • abundant network of neural connection and blood vessels
44
Q

Blood bourne hormones/homeostasis

A

endocrine

45
Q

Effect local (adjacent cells)

A

paracrine

46
Q

Effect secreting cell

A

autocrine

47
Q

What important molecules do adipose cells secrete?

A

Lipoprotein lipase (enzyme), leptin (hormone), IGF-1, PAI-1, angiotensinogen

48
Q

Function of lipoprotein lipase

A
  • regulation of lipid storage into adipose cells

- hydrolyzes fatty acids for storage

49
Q
  • primary release from subcutaneous adipocytes

- regulation of energy intake/expenditure, glucose/lipid metabolism, puberty, reproductive function, angiogenesis

A

leptin hormone

50
Q

Which secretory molecule promotes growth?

A

Insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

51
Q

Having a high PAI-1 contributes to what?

A

higher blood clotting and obesity

52
Q

What is the role of angiotensinogen?

A

blood pressure regulation

53
Q

Does a white adipose cell have a large vacuole?

A

yes

54
Q

White or brown adipose cell?

- numerous lipid droplets

A

brown adipose cell

55
Q

Which adipose cell is larger?

A

white

56
Q

Which adipose cell do we have more in the body?

A

white

57
Q

Which adipose tissue:

  • primarily triglyceride
  • well innervated/vascular
  • insulation of internal organs
  • subcutaneous
  • can be measured using skin folds
A

white

58
Q

How many adipocytes does a newborn have?

A

5 billion adipocytes (white adipose tissue)

- 0.5 kg

59
Q

White adipose tissue postnatally

A
  • 30 to 50 billion in non-obese young adult
  • grow in size
  • 10 kg (males) to 14 kg (females)
60
Q

Describe hyperplasia growth in white adipose tissue

A

increases (doubles) during puberty

61
Q

Describe hypertrophy in white adipose tissue

A
  • 2 to 3 fold increase in first postnatal year
  • no significant increase throughout childhood
  • small increase during puberty
62
Q

True or false:

Breastfed babies are less likely to become obese children

A

true

63
Q

Which adipose tissue?

- generation of heat (non-shivering thermogenesis)

A

brown

64
Q

Is lipoprotein lipase autocrine or endocrine?

A

autocrine

65
Q

Is IGF-1 autocrine or endocrine?

A

endocrine

66
Q

True or false:

Extremity fat > trunk fat

A

true

Growth & Maturation (5 decks)

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