Section 6 Biopsychology Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 divisions coming off the nervous system
A
- Central nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
2
Q
What are the 2 divisions coming off the central nervous system
A
- Brain
- Spinal cord
3
Q
What are the 2 divisions coming off the Peripheral nervous system
A
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
4
Q
What are the 2 divisions coming off the Autonomic nervous system
A
- Sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
5
Q
What is the nervous system
A
Network of nerve cells and fibers
6
Q
What does the nervous system do
A
Helps all parts of the body communicate with each other
7
Q
What does the CNS do
A
Receives information from the senses and controls the body’s responses
8
Q
What is the Peripheral nervous system
A
Part of the nervous system that is outside of the brain and spinal cord
9
Q
What is the brain responsible for
A
Coordinating sensation,intellectual and nervous activity
10
Q
What is the spinal cord
A
Bundle of enclosed nerve fibers which connect nearly all parts of the body with the brain
11
Q
What is the somatic nervous system responsible for
A
carrying sensory and motor info to and from the CNS
12
Q
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for
A
the brain’s involuntary activities and is self regulating
13
Q
What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for
A
Calms the body after an emergency state.
14
Q
What is the parasympathetic nervous system involved in
A
energy conservation and digestion
15
Q
What is the sympathetic nervous system involved in
A
Responses that help us deal with fight or flight
16
Q
What does the somatic nervous system contain
A
sensory and motor neurons
17
Q
What are sensory and motor neurons involved with in the somatic NS
A
reflex action
18
Q
What does the autonomic NS carry out
A
Conscious and unconscious actions
19
Q
What 2 systems is the autonomic NS split into
A
- Parasympathetic
- Sympathetic
20
Q
Where is the relay neuron found
A
In the CNS
21
Q
What does the relay neuron allow
A
Communication between motor and sensory neurons
22
Q
What are the 2 types of impulses
A
- Chemical
- electrical
23
Q
What is the gap between the cells called
A
Synaptic cleft
24
Q
What is the synaptic knob filled with
A
Neurotransmitters
25
What 2 things could happen to a neurotransmitter as it leaves the synaptic knob
enzymes break it down
| re-uptaken in the presynaptic membrane
26
What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters
- Excitatory
| - inhibitory
27
What do excitatory neurotransmitters do
Increase likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the post-synaptic neuron
28
What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do
Decreases likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the post-synaptic neuron
29
What are the 5 glands
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Addenal glands
- Ovary
- Testis
30
What is the hypothalamus' role
Brain region controlling the pituitary gland
31
What is the pituitary glands role
Secretes many different hormones, affecting other glands
32
What is the adrenal glands role
Helps trigger the fight or flight response
33
What is the ovary's role
Secretes female sex hormones
34
What is the testis role
Secretes Male sex hormones
35
What do endocrine glands produce
Hormones
| chemical substances
36
What do the hormones and chemical substances produced by the endocrine glands do
Regulate the activity of cells or organs in the body
37
What are the major glands of the endocrine system
- pituitary gland
- adrenal gland
- reproductive organs
38
What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland
- anterior pituitary
| - posterior pituitary
39
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce
- ACTH
- luteinising hormone (LH)
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
40
What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce
-oxytocin
41
What does the hormone ACTH do
stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol
42
Why is ACTH released
Response to stress
43
What does oxytocin do
-Stimulates the contraction of the uterus during childbirth
44
What does Oxytocin do that's important (attachment)
important for mother infant bonding
45
What area of the brain is mobilised when an individual is faced with a threat
Amygdala
46
What does the Amygdala do
Associates sensory signals with emotions associated with fight or flight
47
Where does the Amygdala send signals to
hypothalamus
48
What are the 2 main parts of the nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS)
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
49
Why is the nervous system important to humans
It allows us to coordinate our actions and respond to changes in our environment
50
What is the transmission pathway
- Stimulus
- receptors
- CNS
- Effectors
- Response
51
What is a reflex action
An automatic action that doesn't involve the brain
52
What happens when an impulse reaches the end of the neuron
It causes neurotransmitters to by released into the synaptic cleft
53
Where do the neurotransmitters diffuse across
POST-synaptic membrane
54
What do neurotransmitters do after they've diffused across the POST-synaptic membrane
Bind to a receptor cells, replying the message
55
What do excitatory neurotransmitters do
Increase the likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the post-synaptic neuron
56
What do Inhibitory neurotransmitters do
Decreased the likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the post-synaptic neuron
57
What do the endocrine and nervous system work together to regulate
Physiological processes
58
What does the endocrine system use to deliver hormones around the body
Blood vessels
59
Where do hormones go when being transported by blood vessels
To target sites
60
Which is a faster way to deliver hormones via endocrine system or nervous system
Nervous system
61
What is the endocrine system
A network of glands throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones
62
What do the hormones that the endocrine glands secrete regulate
activity of cells
| activity of organs
63
What does the pancreas do
Produces insulin which controls blood sugar level
64
What does the Thyroid gland do
Produces thyroxine, which controls the rate of metabolism
65
What does the Adrenal glands do
Produces adrenaline which prepares the body for fight or flight response
66
What gland does the brain contain
hypothalamus
67
What do the ovary's do
Produces oestrogen
68
What do the testes
Produces testosterone
69
What does oestrogen do
- causes changes at puberty
| - controls menstrual cycle
70
What does testosterone do
- causes changes at puberty
| - stimulates sperm production
71
What is the target organ for the pituitary gland
ovaries
72
What is the target organ for the thyroid gland
Heart
73
What is the target organ for the adrenal gland
vital organs ie
Heart
Liver
74
What is the target organ for the pancreas
kidneys
75
what is the target organ for the ovaries
- ovaries
- uterus
- pituitary gland
76
What is the target organ for the testes
Male reproductive organs
77
What will happen if a hormone contacts a cell without the right target cell
There will be no affect
78
How come only certain target cells respond to certain hormones
Because they have certain receptors for that hormone
79
What happens if a minimal amount of receptor sites have been stimulated by hormones
Physiological reaction occurs
80
What is lateralisation
2 halves of the brain are not exactly alike
81
What does the left hemisphere contain
- Broca's area
| - Wernicke's area
82
What is the left hemisphere associated with
- language processing
- analysis
- problem solving
83
What is the right hemisphere associated with
- spatial comprehension
- emotions
- facial recognition
84
What is brocas area's role in the brain
language processing
85
What is Wernickes area's role in the brain
language development
| comprehension of speech
86
What hemisphere does information that comes in from the right eye go to
Left hemisphere
87
What hemisphere does information that comes in from the left eye go to
Right hemisphere
88
What is the corpus callosum role
allows communication between the 2 hemispheres
89
In the 1950-60's how did they prevent seizures from happening
They cut the corpus callosum
90
What did Sperry do in 1968
Projected images onto the left and right side of the screen with pp's who had undergone split brain surgery they had 1 eye covered
91
What did Sperry's results in 1968 show if the image was on the right side of the screen
pp's could say or write what is was without a problem
92
What did Sperry's results in 1968 show if the image was on the left side of the screen
Couldn't write down or say what is was but could pick up the corresponding object without knowing why they chose it
93
What happens in our brains when we learn something new
New connections form with neurons and makes existing pathways stronger or weaker
94
What is plasticity
When the brain changes and adapts due to experience
95
What is functional recovery
moving functions from damaged areas after trauma to undamaged in brain.
96
What did Maguire et al. (2000) study
London taxi drivers' posterior hippocampi
97
How did Maguire (2000) calculate the amount of grey matter in the brain
By using an MRI scanner
98
How did the posterior hippocampi differ between the London taxi drivers and the control participants
The posterior hippocampi in the taxi drivers are significantly larger
99
What correlation type did the size of the posterior hippocampi and the time spent driving a taxi have
positively correlated
100
What are 2 mechanisms of recovery
- Stem cells
| - Neural unmasking
101
What are the factors that affect functional recovery
- Age
| - Cognitive reserve
102
What is a stem cell
unspecialised cells that have the potential to take on characteristics of nerve cells
103
What are the 2 possibilities if you implant stem cells into the brain
- Directly replace dead cells
| - Secrete growth factors that rescue injured cells
104
What is neural unmasking
When dormant synapses don't receive enough input so you increase the amount of input to open up the synapses
105
What are the 4 ways to study the brain
- Post mortem
- fMRI
- EEG
- ERP
106
What is a post mortem
surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection
107
What is a fMRI
measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
108
What is an EEG
monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain.
109
What is an ERP
the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event.
110
What area of the brain processes sensory information related to touch
Postcentral gyrus
111
What are the 2 motor and somatosensory areas of the brain
- Motor cortex
| - Somatosensory cortex
112
What are the 2 language centres of the brain
- Broca's area
| - Wernicke's area
113
What are the 2 Visual and auditory centres
- Visual centres
| - Auditory centres
114
What is the circadian rhythm
A pattern of behaviour that occurs or reoccurs approx every 24 hours
115
How is the circadian rhythm set/reset
By environmental light levels
116
What synchronises our circadian rhythm
The suprachiasmatic nuclei
117
Where is the suprachiasmatic nuclei
Hypothalamus
118
When do we experience our strongest sleep drive
- 2-4 AM
| - 1-3 PM
119
What does the suprachiasmatic nuclei control
- Sleep wake
- temperature
- blood pressure
- release of melatonine
120
What is exogenous zeitgebers
External cues which regulate our internal body clock to maintain time with the environment
121
What is the main factor of a exogenous zeitgebers
Light
122
What do the light sensitive cells in the eyes do
They communicate with the SCN to synchronise the internal control with the outside world
123
What is a Infradian rhythm
a rhythm that lasts longer than 24 hours
124
What is an example of a infradian rhythm
- Menstrual cycle
| - Seasonal affective disorder
125
What internal factors control the menstrual cycle
- Progesterone
| - oestrogen
126
What is the menstrual cycle influenced by
- People you live with
| - stress
127
What is seasonal affective disorder
A type of depression that comes and goes in a seasonal pattern
128
When are symptoms of S.A.D more severe
During winter
129
What are the symptoms of S.A.D
low mood
| general lack of activity and interest
130
What is an example of a circannual cycle
Seasonal affective disorder
131
What makes something a circannual cycle
when it follows the annual rhythm of seasons
132
What rhythms does S.A.D come under
- circadian rhythm
- infradian rhythm
- circannual rhythm
133
Why is melotonine produced for longer in winter
light levels are lower in winter so melotonine is produced for longer
134
How does winter increase likelihood of getting depression
The increase of melotonine disrupts serotonin causing symptoms of depression
135
What is ultradian rhythm
rhythms that have a period of less that 24 hours
136
What is an example of a ultradian rhythm
Sleep cycle
137
How many sleep cycles do we go through each night
5-6
138
How long is each sleep cycle
90 mins
139
What happens in stage 1-2 of the sleep cycle
- light sleep easy to wake someone
| - alpha and beta waves
140
What happens in stage 3-4 of the sleep cycle
- slower and deeper brain waves (delta)
| - hard to wake someone
141
What happens in stage 5 of the sleep cycle
- REM
- individual is paralysed
- brain waves resemble the awake pattern
- dreaming stage
