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A level Psychology Year 1 > Section 6 Biopsychology > Flashcards

Section 6 Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 divisions coming off the nervous system

A
  • Central nervous system

- Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions coming off the central nervous system

A
  • Brain

- Spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions coming off the Peripheral nervous system

A
  • Somatic nervous system

- Autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What are the 2 divisions coming off the Autonomic nervous system

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system

- parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

What is the nervous system

A

Network of nerve cells and fibers

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6
Q

What does the nervous system do

A

Helps all parts of the body communicate with each other

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7
Q

What does the CNS do

A

Receives information from the senses and controls the body’s responses

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8
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system that is outside of the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What is the brain responsible for

A

Coordinating sensation,intellectual and nervous activity

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10
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

Bundle of enclosed nerve fibers which connect nearly all parts of the body with the brain

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11
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for

A

carrying sensory and motor info to and from the CNS

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12
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for

A

the brain’s involuntary activities and is self regulating

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13
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for

A

Calms the body after an emergency state.

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14
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system involved in

A

energy conservation and digestion

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15
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system involved in

A

Responses that help us deal with fight or flight

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16
Q

What does the somatic nervous system contain

A

sensory and motor neurons

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17
Q

What are sensory and motor neurons involved with in the somatic NS

A

reflex action

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18
Q

What does the autonomic NS carry out

A

Conscious and unconscious actions

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19
Q

What 2 systems is the autonomic NS split into

A
  • Parasympathetic

- Sympathetic

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20
Q

Where is the relay neuron found

A

In the CNS

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21
Q

What does the relay neuron allow

A

Communication between motor and sensory neurons

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of impulses

A
  • Chemical

- electrical

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23
Q

What is the gap between the cells called

A

Synaptic cleft

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24
Q

What is the synaptic knob filled with

A

Neurotransmitters

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25
Q

What 2 things could happen to a neurotransmitter as it leaves the synaptic knob

A

enzymes break it down

re-uptaken in the presynaptic membrane

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters

A
  • Excitatory

- inhibitory

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27
Q

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do

A

Increase likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the post-synaptic neuron

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28
Q

What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do

A

Decreases likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the post-synaptic neuron

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29
Q

What are the 5 glands

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Addenal glands
  • Ovary
  • Testis
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30
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ role

A

Brain region controlling the pituitary gland

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31
Q

What is the pituitary glands role

A

Secretes many different hormones, affecting other glands

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32
Q

What is the adrenal glands role

A

Helps trigger the fight or flight response

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33
Q

What is the ovary’s role

A

Secretes female sex hormones

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34
Q

What is the testis role

A

Secretes Male sex hormones

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35
Q

What do endocrine glands produce

A

Hormones

chemical substances

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36
Q

What do the hormones and chemical substances produced by the endocrine glands do

A

Regulate the activity of cells or organs in the body

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37
Q

What are the major glands of the endocrine system

A
  • pituitary gland
  • adrenal gland
  • reproductive organs
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38
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland

A
  • anterior pituitary

- posterior pituitary

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39
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce

A
  • ACTH
  • luteinising hormone (LH)
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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40
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce

A

-oxytocin

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41
Q

What does the hormone ACTH do

A

stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol

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42
Q

Why is ACTH released

A

Response to stress

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43
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

-Stimulates the contraction of the uterus during childbirth

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44
Q

What does Oxytocin do that’s important (attachment)

A

important for mother infant bonding

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45
Q

What area of the brain is mobilised when an individual is faced with a threat

A

Amygdala

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46
Q

What does the Amygdala do

A

Associates sensory signals with emotions associated with fight or flight

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47
Q

Where does the Amygdala send signals to

A

hypothalamus

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48
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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49
Q

Why is the nervous system important to humans

A

It allows us to coordinate our actions and respond to changes in our environment

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50
Q

What is the transmission pathway

A
  • Stimulus
  • receptors
  • CNS
  • Effectors
  • Response
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51
Q

What is a reflex action

A

An automatic action that doesn’t involve the brain

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52
Q

What happens when an impulse reaches the end of the neuron

A

It causes neurotransmitters to by released into the synaptic cleft

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53
Q

Where do the neurotransmitters diffuse across

A

POST-synaptic membrane

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54
Q

What do neurotransmitters do after they’ve diffused across the POST-synaptic membrane

A

Bind to a receptor cells, replying the message

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55
Q

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do

A

Increase the likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the post-synaptic neuron

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56
Q

What do Inhibitory neurotransmitters do

A

Decreased the likelihood that an electrical impulse will be triggered in the post-synaptic neuron

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57
Q

What do the endocrine and nervous system work together to regulate

A

Physiological processes

58
Q

What does the endocrine system use to deliver hormones around the body

A

Blood vessels

59
Q

Where do hormones go when being transported by blood vessels

A

To target sites

60
Q

Which is a faster way to deliver hormones via endocrine system or nervous system

A

Nervous system

61
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

A network of glands throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones

62
Q

What do the hormones that the endocrine glands secrete regulate

A

activity of cells

activity of organs

63
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Produces insulin which controls blood sugar level

64
Q

What does the Thyroid gland do

A

Produces thyroxine, which controls the rate of metabolism

65
Q

What does the Adrenal glands do

A

Produces adrenaline which prepares the body for fight or flight response

66
Q

What gland does the brain contain

A

hypothalamus

67
Q

What do the ovary’s do

A

Produces oestrogen

68
Q

What do the testes

A

Produces testosterone

69
Q

What does oestrogen do

A
  • causes changes at puberty

- controls menstrual cycle

70
Q

What does testosterone do

A
  • causes changes at puberty

- stimulates sperm production

71
Q

What is the target organ for the pituitary gland

A

ovaries

72
Q

What is the target organ for the thyroid gland

A

Heart

73
Q

What is the target organ for the adrenal gland

A

vital organs ie
Heart
Liver

74
Q

What is the target organ for the pancreas

A

kidneys

75
Q

what is the target organ for the ovaries

A
  • ovaries
  • uterus
  • pituitary gland
76
Q

What is the target organ for the testes

A

Male reproductive organs

77
Q

What will happen if a hormone contacts a cell without the right target cell

A

There will be no affect

78
Q

How come only certain target cells respond to certain hormones

A

Because they have certain receptors for that hormone

79
Q

What happens if a minimal amount of receptor sites have been stimulated by hormones

A

Physiological reaction occurs

80
Q

What is lateralisation

A

2 halves of the brain are not exactly alike

81
Q

What does the left hemisphere contain

A
  • Broca’s area

- Wernicke’s area

82
Q

What is the left hemisphere associated with

A
  • language processing
  • analysis
  • problem solving
83
Q

What is the right hemisphere associated with

A
  • spatial comprehension
  • emotions
  • facial recognition
84
Q

What is brocas area’s role in the brain

A

language processing

85
Q

What is Wernickes area’s role in the brain

A

language development

comprehension of speech

86
Q

What hemisphere does information that comes in from the right eye go to

A

Left hemisphere

87
Q

What hemisphere does information that comes in from the left eye go to

A

Right hemisphere

88
Q

What is the corpus callosum role

A

allows communication between the 2 hemispheres

89
Q

In the 1950-60’s how did they prevent seizures from happening

A

They cut the corpus callosum

90
Q

What did Sperry do in 1968

A

Projected images onto the left and right side of the screen with pp’s who had undergone split brain surgery they had 1 eye covered

91
Q

What did Sperry’s results in 1968 show if the image was on the right side of the screen

A

pp’s could say or write what is was without a problem

92
Q

What did Sperry’s results in 1968 show if the image was on the left side of the screen

A

Couldn’t write down or say what is was but could pick up the corresponding object without knowing why they chose it

93
Q

What happens in our brains when we learn something new

A

New connections form with neurons and makes existing pathways stronger or weaker

94
Q

What is plasticity

A

When the brain changes and adapts due to experience

95
Q

What is functional recovery

A

moving functions from damaged areas after trauma to undamaged in brain.

96
Q

What did Maguire et al. (2000) study

A

London taxi drivers’ posterior hippocampi

97
Q

How did Maguire (2000) calculate the amount of grey matter in the brain

A

By using an MRI scanner

98
Q

How did the posterior hippocampi differ between the London taxi drivers and the control participants

A

The posterior hippocampi in the taxi drivers are significantly larger

99
Q

What correlation type did the size of the posterior hippocampi and the time spent driving a taxi have

A

positively correlated

100
Q

What are 2 mechanisms of recovery

A
  • Stem cells

- Neural unmasking

101
Q

What are the factors that affect functional recovery

A
  • Age

- Cognitive reserve

102
Q

What is a stem cell

A

unspecialised cells that have the potential to take on characteristics of nerve cells

103
Q

What are the 2 possibilities if you implant stem cells into the brain

A
  • Directly replace dead cells

- Secrete growth factors that rescue injured cells

104
Q

What is neural unmasking

A

When dormant synapses don’t receive enough input so you increase the amount of input to open up the synapses

105
Q

What are the 4 ways to study the brain

A
  • Post mortem
  • fMRI
  • EEG
  • ERP
106
Q

What is a post mortem

A

surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection

107
Q

What is a fMRI

A

measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

108
Q

What is an EEG

A

monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain.

109
Q

What is an ERP

A

the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event.

110
Q

What area of the brain processes sensory information related to touch

A

Postcentral gyrus

111
Q

What are the 2 motor and somatosensory areas of the brain

A
  • Motor cortex

- Somatosensory cortex

112
Q

What are the 2 language centres of the brain

A
  • Broca’s area

- Wernicke’s area

113
Q

What are the 2 Visual and auditory centres

A
  • Visual centres

- Auditory centres

114
Q

What is the circadian rhythm

A

A pattern of behaviour that occurs or reoccurs approx every 24 hours

115
Q

How is the circadian rhythm set/reset

A

By environmental light levels

116
Q

What synchronises our circadian rhythm

A

The suprachiasmatic nuclei

117
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nuclei

A

Hypothalamus

118
Q

When do we experience our strongest sleep drive

A
  • 2-4 AM

- 1-3 PM

119
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nuclei control

A
  • Sleep wake
  • temperature
  • blood pressure
  • release of melatonine
120
Q

What is exogenous zeitgebers

A

External cues which regulate our internal body clock to maintain time with the environment

121
Q

What is the main factor of a exogenous zeitgebers

A

Light

122
Q

What do the light sensitive cells in the eyes do

A

They communicate with the SCN to synchronise the internal control with the outside world

123
Q

What is a Infradian rhythm

A

a rhythm that lasts longer than 24 hours

124
Q

What is an example of a infradian rhythm

A
  • Menstrual cycle

- Seasonal affective disorder

125
Q

What internal factors control the menstrual cycle

A
  • Progesterone

- oestrogen

126
Q

What is the menstrual cycle influenced by

A
  • People you live with

- stress

127
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder

A

A type of depression that comes and goes in a seasonal pattern

128
Q

When are symptoms of S.A.D more severe

A

During winter

129
Q

What are the symptoms of S.A.D

A

low mood

general lack of activity and interest

130
Q

What is an example of a circannual cycle

A

Seasonal affective disorder

131
Q

What makes something a circannual cycle

A

when it follows the annual rhythm of seasons

132
Q

What rhythms does S.A.D come under

A
  • circadian rhythm
  • infradian rhythm
  • circannual rhythm
133
Q

Why is melotonine produced for longer in winter

A

light levels are lower in winter so melotonine is produced for longer

134
Q

How does winter increase likelihood of getting depression

A

The increase of melotonine disrupts serotonin causing symptoms of depression

135
Q

What is ultradian rhythm

A

rhythms that have a period of less that 24 hours

136
Q

What is an example of a ultradian rhythm

A

Sleep cycle

137
Q

How many sleep cycles do we go through each night

A

5-6

138
Q

How long is each sleep cycle

A

90 mins

139
Q

What happens in stage 1-2 of the sleep cycle

A
  • light sleep easy to wake someone

- alpha and beta waves

140
Q

What happens in stage 3-4 of the sleep cycle

A
  • slower and deeper brain waves (delta)

- hard to wake someone

141
Q

What happens in stage 5 of the sleep cycle

A
  • REM
  • individual is paralysed
  • brain waves resemble the awake pattern
  • dreaming stage

A level Psychology Year 1 (7 decks)

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