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A level Psychology Year 1 > Section 4 - Psychopathology > Flashcards

Section 4 - Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most obvious way to define abnormality

A

In terms of statistical infrequency

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2
Q

How do we define what is normal

A

By referring to typical values

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3
Q

What is psychopathology

A

The study of psychological disorders

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4
Q

What is deviating from social norms

A

Behaving differently from the socially created norms

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5
Q

What is an example of a social norm

A

Being polite

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6
Q

What is an example of an implicit social rule

A

not laughing at a funeral

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7
Q

What does not functioning adequately cause

A

Distress and suffering for the individual and others

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8
Q

What is an example of a mental disorder that causes distress to other people

A

Schizophrenia

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9
Q

Is it classed as abnormal if it doesn’t cause distress to self and others

A

No

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10
Q

What is a situation where a person isn’t coping with everyday life in a ‘normal’ way

A

A person may not be content on living in unwashed clothes and not having a regular job

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11
Q

What is DSM

A

A list of mental disorders that’s used to diagnose mental disorders

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12
Q

What does WHODAS stand for

A

World health organisation disability assessment

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13
Q

What 7 things does WHODAS consider in the assessment of ability to function

A
  • Understanding and communicating
  • Getting around
  • Self-care
  • getting along with people
  • life activities and participation in society
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14
Q

What did Marie Jahoda point out in 1958

A

we define physical illness in part by looking at the absence pf signs of physical health

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15
Q

What is physical health indicated by

A

correct body temp
normal skin colour
normal blood pressure

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16
Q

What 6 categories did Marie Jahoda come up with to review mental health

A
  • self attitudes
  • Personal growth
  • Integration
  • Autonomy
  • Accurate perception of reality
  • Mastery of the environment
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17
Q

What is failure to function adequately

A

Peoples ability to go about their daily life

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18
Q

What are people who are defined as unable to go about their daily lives

A

They’re defined as “failure to function adequately

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19
Q

What are the 3 mental disorders

A
  • phobias
  • depression
  • OCD
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20
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of mental disorders

A
  • Emotional characteristics
  • Behavioural characteristics
  • Cognitive characteristics
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21
Q

What is the primary symptom of phobias

A

Anxiety

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22
Q

What is the behavioural characteristic definition

A

Ways in which people act

23
Q

What is the emotional characteristic definition

A

ways in which people feel

24
Q

What is a cognitive characteristic definition

A

Process of thinking knowing, perceiving and believing

25
Q

What are the 3 behavioural characteristics of depression

A
  • Activity levels reduce
  • Disruption of sleeping and eating behaviour
  • Aggression and self-harm
26
Q

What is an emotional characteristic of depression

A
  • Lowered mood
  • Anger
  • Lowered self esteem
27
Q

What is a cognitive characteristic of depression

A
  • Poor concentration
  • attending to and dwelling on the negative
  • Absolutist thinking
28
Q

What are the 5 categories of depression (four things)

A
  • Major depressive disorder
  • Persistnet depressive disorder
  • Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
  • premenstrual dysphoric disorder
29
Q

What is Major depressive disorder

A

Severe but often short term depression

30
Q

What is persistent depressive disorder

A

Long term or recurring depression, including sustained major depression and what used to be called dysthymia

31
Q

What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

Childhood temper tantrums

32
Q

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

Disruption to mood prior to and or during menstruation

33
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD

A
  • Compulsions

- Avoidance

34
Q

What are the 2 types of compulsions

A
  • Repetitive

- To reduce anxiety

35
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD

A
  • Anxiety and distress
  • Accompanying depression
  • Guilt and disgust
36
Q

What areas the cognitive characteristics and OCD

A
  • Obsessive thoughts
  • Cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions
  • Insight into excessive anxiety
37
Q

What are the 2 parts to the 2 process model

A
  • Acquisition by classical conditioning

- Maintenance by operant conditioning

38
Q

Summarise classical conditioning

A
  • 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together
  • UCD and a NS
  • NS eventually produces the same response that was first produced by the unlearned stimulus alone
39
Q

Summarise operant conditioning

A

The use of positive and negative reinforcement or punishment

40
Q

What is systematic desensitisation

A

Behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce phobic anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning

41
Q

What are the 3 process involved in Systematic desensitisation

A
  • The anxiety hierarchy
  • Relaxation
  • Exposure
42
Q

What is Flooding

A

The patient is exposed to extreme form of their phobia

43
Q

What are the 3 reasons of depression in Beck’s cognitive theory

A
  • Faulty information processing
  • Negative self-schemas
  • The negative triad
44
Q

What is Ellis’s ABC model

A
  • Activating event
  • Beliefs
  • consequences
45
Q

What is cognitive behavioural therapy most commonly used to treat

A

Depression

46
Q

What are the 3 genetic explanations to OCD

A

Candidate genes
OCD is polygenic
Different types of OCD

47
Q

What are some of the candidate genes involved in

A

Regulating the development of the serotonin system

48
Q

What does OCD is polygenic mean

A

There isn’t caused by 1 single gene but several ones

49
Q

What 2 neurontransmitters are believed to have a role in regulating mood

A
  • Dopamine

- serotonin

50
Q

What are the neural explanations to OCD

A
  • Role of serotonin

- Decision making system

51
Q

What is a drug therapy used to treat OCD

A

SSRI

52
Q

What does SSRI stand for

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

53
Q

What does SSRI work on

A

Serotonin system

A level Psychology Year 1 (7 decks)

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