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A level Psychology Year 1 > Section 1 - Social Influence > Flashcards

Section 1 - Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different types of Conformity

A
  • Compliance
  • Internalisation
  • Identification
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2
Q

What is a compliance example

A

Smoking to fit in whilst still thinking it’s bad

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3
Q

What is a Internalisation example

A

If you stop eating meat because you start believing that it’s wrong

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4
Q

What is an identification example

A

Individual will accept an influence because they want to establish a relationship with the group

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5
Q

What is identification

A

change behaviour and opinion to identify with the group

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6
Q

What is Compliance

A

change in behaviour but not opinion

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7
Q

What is Internalisation

A

change in behaviour and opinion

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8
Q

What is normative social influence

A

Going along with the majority without accepting their point of view

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9
Q

Informational social influence

A

Occurs when an individual is given evidence and changes opinion publicly and privately

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10
Q

What do you use to structure exam questions on a key study

A
  • Aims
  • Procedure
  • Findings
  • Conclusion
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11
Q

When did Asch publish his experiment

A

1956

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12
Q

What was the aim of Asch’s experiment

A

The extent to which individuals will conform to a majority who are obviously giving the wrong answers

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13
Q

Asch’s study strengths

A

Crutchfield (1955) : tested a much larger quantity of subjects, similar study to Asch

Found people who conform are less intelligent and feel inferior

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14
Q

What are Asch’s study’s weakness

A
  • Lacks temporal validity
  • lacks ecological validity
  • Ethnocentric & Androcentric (man focused)
  • Ethical problems Eg: people got deceived
  • Gave them right to withdraw
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15
Q

Evaluate Perrin and Spencer 1980

A
  • “child of its time” only worked in 1950 wont work now
  • Exact replication of original study, only used engineer’s, mathematicians and chemists
  • only 1 out of 396 trials someone conformed
  • reason: cultural change
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16
Q

When was the Stanford prison experiment published

A

1973

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17
Q

What was the aim in the Stanford prison experiment

A

To see if people would conform to the social role they’ve been given

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18
Q

What was the procedure in the Stanford prison experiment

A
  • Males assigned roles and became either prisoners or guards
  • prisoners were unexpectedly arrested at home
  • prisoners refereed to by their numbers
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19
Q

What were the situational factors in Milgrams study

A
  • Proximity
  • location
  • the power of uniform
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20
Q

How many people were involved in Milgrams study

A

40 participants

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21
Q

What were the participants told the study about milgram was about

A

How punishment affects learning

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22
Q

Who was the confederate in the Milgram experiment

A

The “experimenter” and the person who was getting shocked

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23
Q

What was the person being shocked being tested on

A

His ability to remember word pairs

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24
Q

What would happen to the person being tested if he got a word pair wrong

A

The “teacher” would shock the confederate

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25
Q

What voltage did the experiment start and end off at

A

15-450V

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26
Q

How many volts did the experiment increase by each time

A

15V

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27
Q

What did the person getting shocked do at 300V and 315V

A

Pounded the wall and gave no response to the next question

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28
Q

What prods did the experimenter repeat if the teacher wanted to quit

A
  • “It is absolutely essential that you continue”

- “you have no other choice, you must go on”

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29
Q

What did psychiatrists, college students and colleagues predict the voltage would go up to

A

No further than 150V and only 1/1000 would give the 450V

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30
Q

How many participants gave the full 450V

A

26/40 (60%)

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31
Q

What was the shock generator labelled at 420V

A

Danger: severe shock

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32
Q

What was the shock generator labelled at 450V

A

XXX

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33
Q

How many participants went to 300V

A

everyone

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34
Q

How many participants stopped at 300V

A

5 people (12.5%)

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35
Q

What did Smith and bond do

A

Redid Milgrams study in Europe

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36
Q

What did Smith and Bond find

A

80% overall conformed to give the 450V shock

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37
Q

Did Smith and Bond lack temperal validity

A

Yes

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38
Q

Was Smith and Bonds experiment culturally bias

A

No

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39
Q

How did the proximity of the teacher and learner effect the experiment

A

The closer you were to each other the higher the conformity rate

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40
Q

What are the 2 states of consciousness

A

Autonomous and Agentic

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41
Q

What is the agentic state

A

an individual carries out the orders of an authority figure with little personal responsibility.

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42
Q

What is the Autonomous state

A

You feel responsibility

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43
Q

What is confidentiality

A

Don’t reveal participants real name to the study

44
Q

What is Deception

A

Participant isn’t told the true aims of the study

45
Q

What is Informed

A

Given info about nature and purpose of experiment

46
Q

What is Privacy

A

Persons right to control the flow of information about themselves

47
Q

What is Protection

A

Participant shouldn’t feel physical or psychological effects

48
Q

What is Right to withdraw

A

Participant can stop study if they’re uncomfortable

49
Q

What is the locus of control

A

The feeling people have over their control of the events that occur in their life

50
Q

What is independent behaviour

A

resisting pressures and authoritative figures to conform

51
Q

What is anti/counter conformity

A

When a person acts in Opposition to rules

52
Q

What is truly independent behaviour

A

A person isn’t influenced by the actions of others

53
Q

What are the 3 elements of influence

A
  • Consistency
  • commitment
  • flexibility
54
Q

What is consistency (Influence)

A

When members share the same belief if they stick with it people over time. Draws attention to the minority

55
Q

What is Commitment (Influence)

A

Engage with risky behaviour to emphasis their cause

56
Q

What is Flexibility (Influence)

A

Adopt one point of view and accept reasonable counter arguments

57
Q

What is social influence

A

When you change your beliefs or behaviours

58
Q

What is minority influence

A

Members of the majority group change beliefs and behaviours due to exposure to a persuasive minority

59
Q

How many trials did Asch do

A

18

60
Q

How many participants did Asch use

A

123

61
Q

When did participants give their answer in the group Asch

A

last or 2nd last

62
Q

What was the conformity % when confederates gave the same wrong answer Asch

A

37%

63
Q

How many participants conformed at least once Asch

A

75%

64
Q

How many participants didn’t conform at all Asch

A

25%

65
Q

How many participants conformed on every trial Asch

A

5%

66
Q

How many participants gave the right answer when alone Asch

A

98%

67
Q

What is legitimate authority

A

Someone who is perceived to be in a position of social control

68
Q

What is an example of agentic state

A

When the German soldiers used the defence that they were just taking orders from his superior officer

69
Q

What keeps a person in the agentic state

A

Fear that if he breaks off, he’ll appear rude and that his behaviour won’t be taken lightly

70
Q

What is the F scale

A

a scale measuring the authoritarian traits or tendencies

71
Q

What is the right wing authoritarianism

A

A cluster of personality variables

72
Q

What personality traits are in the right wing authoritarianism

A
  • Authority submission

- authoritarian aggression

73
Q

What is internality (locus of control)

A

People believe they’re responsible for their behaviour and experience

74
Q

What is externality (locus of control)

A

Individuals tend to believe their behaviour and experience s caused by events outside of their control

75
Q

When did moscovici Et Al. publish his experiment

A

1969

76
Q

How many Naive participants were there in Moscovici’s study

A

4

77
Q

How many confederates were there in Moscovici’s study

A

2

78
Q

What were the participants shown (Moscovici’s study)

A

A series of blue slides that varied

79
Q

What were the participants asked to do (Moscovici’s study)

A

Judge the colour of each slide

80
Q

What did the confederates called the blue slides

A

Green repeatedly

81
Q

How often did the confederates call the slides green and blue in an inconsistent condition

A

2/3 of the trails green

1/3 of the trials blue

82
Q

How many naive participants said green on the trials

A

over 8% of all trials

83
Q

What were the guards behaviours like on the first day of the Stanford prison experiment

A

They were awkward

84
Q

What did the guards get the prisoners to do

A

perform degrading activities

85
Q

What were some of the degrading activities the prisoners did

A

cleaning toilets with bare hands

stripping down

86
Q

How many prisoners were released early

A

5

87
Q

Why were some prisoners released early

A

due to extreme reactions

88
Q

How long did the Stanford prison experiment last

A

6 days

89
Q

Did the guards and prisoners conform to their social role

A

Yes

90
Q

Did the Stanford prison experiment lack internal validity give reason

A

Yes as participants knew the purpose of the study

91
Q

Does the Stanford prison experiment lack ecological validity

A

Yes as it was held in a university

92
Q

Why did the Stanford prison experiment have ethical issues

A

It caused psychological harm

93
Q

Did milgrams study lack ecological validity give reasons

A

yes, people knew it was an artificial setup

94
Q

How did milgrams study lack internal validity

A

participants knew shocks weren’t real so obedience wasn’t genuine

95
Q

Why was Milgrams study unethical

A

deception
No informed consent
no protection from harm
Questionable “right to withdraw”

96
Q

Are internals more likely to become leaders or followers

A

Leaders

97
Q

What is social change

A

Society adopts new belief or way of thinking which becomes the norm

98
Q

What are the 2 explanations of social influence

A
  • Normative social influence

- Informational social influence

99
Q

Evaluate: difficult to distinguish between compliance and internalisation

A

The relationship between compliance and internalisation is complicated because of difficulties in knowing when each is actually taking place

100
Q

Evaluate research support for normative social influence

A

US research has supported the important role played by people’s normative beliefs in shaping behaviors such as smoking and energy conservation

101
Q

Evaluate: research support for informational influence

A

Studies have demonstrated how exposure to other peoples beliefs and opinions can shape many aspects of social behaviour and beliefs

102
Q

Evaluate:normative influence may not be detected

A

Normative influence undoubtedly has a powerful effect on the behaviour of the individual, it’s possible that they do not actually recognise the behaviour of others as a causal factor in their own behaviour

103
Q

What are the variables affecting conformity

A
  • group size
  • The unanimity of the majority
  • The difficulty of the task
104
Q

Would conformity be higher or lower in a smaller group

A

Lower

105
Q

How much did conformity increase by when there were 3 participants

A

30%

A level Psychology Year 1 (7 decks)

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