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A level Psychology Year 1 > Section 5 - approaches in psychology > Flashcards

Section 5 - approaches in psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Wilhelm Wunt believe (1832-1920)

A

All aspects of nature, including the human mind could be studied scientifically

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2
Q

What did Wundt’s preferred topic to study

A

Human behavior

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3
Q

What did Wunt realise he couldn’t study

A
  • learning
  • language
  • emotions
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4
Q

What is Empiricism

A

Belief that knowledge is derived from sensory experience

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5
Q

What is introspection

A

A person gains knowledge about their mental and emotional status

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6
Q

What is the scientific method

A

Investigative methods that are objective, systematic, replicable

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7
Q

1 criticism of Wundt’s contribution in psychology

A

Methods were unreliable

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8
Q

Why was Wundt’s results unreliable

A

His approach relied primarily on ‘non-observable’ responses

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9
Q

What is the ‘new scientific approach’ in psychology based off

A
  • Behavior is being caused

- behavior is determined

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10
Q

What could behavior being caused and determined predict

A

How humans would behave in different conditions

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11
Q

What is genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an individual, the genotype is a collection of genetic material that is passed from generation to generation

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12
Q

What is natural selection

A

Inherited characteristics that enhance an individual’s reproductive success that is passed down from generation to generation

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13
Q

What is neurochemistry

A

The study of chemical and neural process associated with the nervous system

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14
Q

What is phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an individual

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15
Q

What is the Psychodynamic approach

A

Refers to any theory that emphasises change and development in the individual

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16
Q

What is Psychoanalysis

A

A term used to describe the personality theory and therapy associated with sigmund Freud

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17
Q

What is unconscious

A

The part of the human mind that ci tains repressed ideas and memories as well as primitive desires and impulses

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18
Q

What are defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious strategies that protect our conscious mind from anxiety

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19
Q

What is ID

A

Personality that operates solely in the unconscious

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20
Q

What are the 3 stages of classical conditioning

A

Before conditioning
During conditioning
After conditioning

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21
Q

What happens in the before conditioning stimulus

A

-Unconditioned stimulus —> Unconditioned response

Neutral stimulus —> No salivation

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22
Q

What happens in the during conditioning stimulus

A

Unconditioned stimulus paired with neutral stimulus —> Unconditioned response

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23
Q

What happens in the after conditioning stimulus

A

Neutral stimulus is now the conditioned stimulus and produces a conditioned response

24
Q

How does timing affect classical conditioning

A

If the NS occurs after the Unconditioned stimulus or the time between is to great, then conditioning won’t take place

25
Q

How does stimulus generalisation affect classical conditioning

A

Once the animal has been conditioned they respond to stimuli similar to the controlled response

26
Q

Is the controlled response permanent in classical conditioning

A

No

27
Q

How long till the controlled response is ineffective in classical conditioning

A

After a few presentations

28
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in classical condtioning

A

The link for the controlled stimulus and the uncontrolled stimulus is made a lot faster

29
Q

What is the behaviourist approach made up of

A
  • Classical conditioning

- operant conditioning

30
Q

What are the 2 types of reinforcement

A

Positive

Negative

31
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

When you give them a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour

32
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

When a disliked stimulus is removed after a certain behaviour is exhibited

33
Q

What is an example of schedules of reinforcement

A

Produce food every third leaver press or every 10 mins for the rat

34
Q

What is punishment

A

An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour

35
Q

What are the 2 types of approaches

A
  • Biological

- Psychological

36
Q

What are the 2 biological approaches

A
  • Biological approach

- evolutionary approach

37
Q

What are the 5 psychological approaches

A
  • Cognitive approach
  • Behavioral approach
  • social learning approach
  • Psychodynamic approach
  • Humanistic approach
38
Q

What types of psychologists used the biological approach

A

Biological or physiological psychologists

39
Q

What do the scientists that use the biological approach believe

A

In order to describe and explain human behaviour and experience we need to look at human biology

40
Q

What does the evolutionary approach explain

A

behaviours can be explained by using natural selection

41
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning through reinforcement or punishment

42
Q

Give an example of operant conditioning (rat)

A

Rat was put into a cage with a lever and whenever the lever was pressed by the rat food came out, rat learned that lever was source of food an continued to press it

43
Q

What are the 5 components of the social learning theory

A
  • Modelling
  • Imitation
  • Identification
  • Vicarious reinforcement
44
Q

What is modelling

A

When you learn a behaviour by observing another individual performing that behaviour

45
Q

What is imitation

A

The action of using someone else as a model and copying their behaviour

46
Q

What is Identification

A

When you adopt an attitude or behaviour to be associated with a certain group or person

47
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement

A

Learning through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour

48
Q

What is mediational processes

A

internal mental processes that exist between environmental stimuli and the response made

49
Q

What are the 2 types of models

A
  • Live

- Symbolic

50
Q

What is a live model example

A
  • parent
  • teacher
  • member of a peer group
51
Q

What is a symbolic model example

A

A character on TV

52
Q

When can imitation occur quicker

A

When their is a model provided

53
Q

What are the 3 key determinants of whether a behaviour is imitated

A
  • characteristics of a model
  • observers perceived ability to perform that behaviour
  • the observed consequences of the behaviour
54
Q

What must happen in order for a person to feel like they can identify with that model

A
  • that he or she is similar to them

- that they’d experience the same outcomes as them in that situation

55
Q

Who are children more likely to identify with

A

models who are the same sex as them

A level Psychology Year 1 (7 decks)

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