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science 9 > Section 5- Biology > Flashcards

Section 5- Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is in a Plant cell

A 
Cell wall
Cell membrane 
Nucleus 
Ribosomes 
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi 
Chloroplast 
Vacuoles 
Cytoplasm
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2
Q

Cell wall plant cell

A

Composed of a complex carbohydrate called cellulose

Used to give plants structure and support

So strong we lack the ability to digest it

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3
Q

Cell membrane plant cell

A

Composed of phospholipid by layer

It controls what enters and exits the plant cell, selectively permeable membrane

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4
Q

Nucleus plant cell

A

Contains strands of Dna called chromosomes

Function to control everything that happens in a cell by controlling protein production

Controls all reproduction

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5
Q

Ribosomes plant cell

A

Attachment site for where proteins are made

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6
Q

ER plant cell

A

Extension off the nucleus

RER: where ribosomes are attached, absorbs new proteins inside, protects and ships proteins outwards.

SER: continues to protect and ship protein to the Golgi

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7
Q

Golgi plant cell

A

Modifies protein and directs them either out or into the cell, post office

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8
Q

Mitochondria plant cell

A

Provide energy for the cell by converting food into energy

Process cellular respiration
EQUATION C6H12O6+O2—–> CO2+H2O+energy

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9
Q

Chloroplast plant cell

A

Converts sunlight into food process photosynthesis

CO2+H2O+sun—–> O2+C6H12O6

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10
Q

Vacuoles plant cell

A

Plants have a large central vacuole (contractible) for long term storage also provides plant support

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11
Q

Cytoplasm plant cell

A

Jelly like nutrient rich substance that all organelles float around in

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12
Q

What is biology

A

The study of life

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13
Q

What is the cell theory

A

The cell is considered to be the unit of life

All living things are made up of a cell or cells

That all cells come from pre existing cells

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14
Q

Animal cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out
It’s the most outer layer of the cell
Composed of phisholipid bilayer
Simple diffusion how tiny things move in and out
Osmosis water goes towards sugar and salt
Glucose binds to protein and it spits it out on the other side called active transport

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15
Q

Nucleus animal cell

A

Contains chromosomes strands of DNa that controls cell reproduction and cell activity by controlling protein production

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16
Q

Animal cell ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made

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17
Q

ER animal cell

A

Acts to protect and modify and ship protein outwards

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18
Q

Golgi animal cell

A

Receives stores modifys and ship in or out proteins

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19
Q

Mitochondria animal cell

A

Produces all energy in the cell

Process called Cellular respiration

Animals have more

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20
Q

Vacuoles animal cell

A

Stores water

Smaller and more vacuoles than plant cells

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21
Q

Lysosomes animal cell

A

Contains protein to help keep cells clean auto digesters of the cell

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22
Q

Centrioles animal cell

A

Also a protein that helps in cell reproduction

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance rich in nutrients that organelles float around in

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24
Q

Cell cycle

A

Interphase

Mitosis

  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telephone

Cytokinesis

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25
Q

Interphase

A

46 strands of DNA

DNA must duplicate but first must grow
90-80% of entire cycle happens in this stage

26
Q

Mitosis

Prophase metaphase anaphase telephase

A

Mitosis: devision of nucleus and genetic material

Prophase: chromosomes swell after duplication and centrioles move towards opposite poles of nucleus

Metaphase: chromosomes form single line in nucleus. spindle fibres form

Anaphase: chromosomes devide and move towards opposite ends of nucleus, nucleus begins to pinch

Telephase: two nuclei each with 46 strands of DNA (chromosomes) cell starts to pinch

27
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cell and cytoplasm

2 new cells each with 46 strands of dNA

This is how we grow

28
Q

Rates of cell cycle

A

0-2 cycle is most rapid

10-16 2nd most rapid growth

After cycle remains steady until late 20s early 30s

After the cycle gets slower and slower aging

29
Q

Things going wrong in the cell cycle

A

Mutations a biological error

Majority of mutations occur during interphase

30
Q

Effects of mutations

Good vs bad definition

A

Good: a mutation is an error (change in DNA) that makes us more likely to reproduce as a species

Bad: any error that makes us less likely to reproduce as a species

31
Q

What are mutagens

A

An environmental agent that causes mutations

Unfortunately they cause too many and are usually bad example drugs radiation dehydration

32
Q

Types of reproduction

A

Asexual (cell cycle)

Sexual reproduction

33
Q

Cell cycle definition

A

It is a process in which an individual cell reproduces themselves however we grow this way it is not how we reproduce

34
Q

Asexual reproduction definition

A

Any creature that can reproduce offspring all by themselves they use the cell cycle

35
Q

Advantages and disadvantages 3 each

Asexual reproduction

A

Advantages
Don’t need to find a partner
More offspring
It’s fast, anyplace any time

Disadvantages
No pleasure
Lack of genetic diversity
Bad mutations always passed on

36
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A 
Fragmentation 
Budding 
Spore formation 
Binary fission 
Vegetative reproduction
37
Q

Sexual reproduction: producing new offspring by two parents

3 advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages
Fun meaningful
Bad mutations are less likely to show up
Better genetic variety

Disadvantages 
Lots of energy used 
Takes a long time 
Lots of things to go wrong 
More chance of disease
38
Q

Animal cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out
It’s the most outer layer of the cell
Composed of phisholipid bilayer
Simple diffusion how tiny things move in and out
Osmosis water goes towards sugar and salt
Glucose binds to protein and it spits it out on the other side called active transport

39
Q

Nucleus animal cell

A

Contains chromosomes strands of DNa that controls cell reproduction and cell activity by controlling protein production

40
Q

Animal cell ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made

41
Q

ER animal cell

A

Acts to protect and modify and ship protein outwards

42
Q

Golgi animal cell

A

Receives stores modifys and ship in or out proteins

43
Q

Mitochondria animal cell

A

Produces all energy in the cell

Process called Cellular respiration

Animals have more

44
Q

Vacuoles animal cell

A

Stores water

Smaller and more vacuoles than plant cells

45
Q

Lysosomes animal cell

A

Contains protein to help keep cells clean auto digesters of the cell

46
Q

Centrioles animal cell

A

Also a protein that helps in cell reproduction

47
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance rich in nutrients that organelles float around in

48
Q

Cell cycle

A

Interphase

Mitosis

  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telephone

Cytokinesis

49
Q

Interphase

A

46 strands of DNA

DNA must duplicate but first must grow
90-80% of entire cycle happens in this stage

50
Q

Mitosis

Prophase metaphase anaphase telephase

A

Mitosis: devision of nucleus and genetic material

Prophase: chromosomes swell after duplication and centrioles move towards opposite poles of nucleus

Metaphase: chromosomes form single line in nucleus. spindle fibres form

Anaphase: chromosomes devide and move towards opposite ends of nucleus, nucleus begins to pinch

Telephase: two nuclei each with 46 strands of DNA (chromosomes) cell starts to pinch

51
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cell and cytoplasm

2 new cells each with 46 strands of dNA

This is how we grow

52
Q

Rates of cell cycle

A

0-2 cycle is most rapid

10-16 2nd most rapid growth

After cycle remains steady until late 20s early 30s

After the cycle gets slower and slower aging

53
Q

Things going wrong in the cell cycle

A

Mutations a biological error

Majority of mutations occur during interphase

54
Q

Sexual reproduction cycle

A

1Interphase
2Meiosis1 (prophase1, metaphase1, anaphase1, telophase1)
3Cytokinesis
4Meiosis2 (prophase2, metaphase2, anaphase2, telophase2)
5Cytokinesis2

55
Q

What are cells called with only 23 chromosomes

A

They are called gametes

56
Q

What are haploid and diploids

A

Haploids are cells with only half the amount of chromosomes (DNA) needed for a human cell

Diploids are cells that have a full copy of DNA

57
Q

Special things needed for sexual reproduction

A

Specialized tissues for producing the haploid gametes (testies and ovaries)

Specialized tissues for protecting gametes

Specialized tissues for delivering gametes to eachother to form the zygote

Specialized tissues to grow Zygote into a cell

58
Q

The interaction between homologous paired chromosomes give the new features for example

A

The last pair (23rd) decides if the fetus will be female or male this is a 50/50 chance

59
Q

Male reproductive system

List

A

Rectum, bladder, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper’s glands, epididymis, testicles, scrotum or sac, penis, urethra, vas deferns, intershtal tissue, the sac off the scrotum.

60
Q

Mutations in sexual cycle

A

Given the complexity there are more things that can go wrong and often do,

A mutation with an extra chromosome is called Down syndrome (trisomy)

Trisomy on the 23rd set of chromosomes causes gender malfunction, too much testosterone or both parts that don’t work xxx xxy xyy

61
Q

Types of asexual reproduction and an example of each

A 
Binary fission, bacteria 
Budding, yeast
Spore formation, mushrooms
Vegetative reproduction, strawberry 
Fragmentation, starfish

science 9 (10 decks)

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