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science 9 > Section 5- Biology > Flashcards

Section 5- Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is in a Plant cell

A 
Cell wall
Cell membrane 
Nucleus 
Ribosomes 
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi 
Chloroplast 
Vacuoles 
Cytoplasm
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2
Q

Cell wall plant cell

A

Composed of a complex carbohydrate called cellulose

Used to give plants structure and support

So strong we lack the ability to digest it

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3
Q

Cell membrane plant cell

A

Composed of phospholipid by layer

It controls what enters and exits the plant cell, selectively permeable membrane

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4
Q

Nucleus plant cell

A

Contains strands of Dna called chromosomes

Function to control everything that happens in a cell by controlling protein production

Controls all reproduction

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5
Q

Ribosomes plant cell

A

Attachment site for where proteins are made

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6
Q

ER plant cell

A

Extension off the nucleus

RER: where ribosomes are attached, absorbs new proteins inside, protects and ships proteins outwards.

SER: continues to protect and ship protein to the Golgi

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7
Q

Golgi plant cell

A

Modifies protein and directs them either out or into the cell, post office

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8
Q

Mitochondria plant cell

A

Provide energy for the cell by converting food into energy

Process cellular respiration
EQUATION C6H12O6+O2—–> CO2+H2O+energy

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9
Q

Chloroplast plant cell

A

Converts sunlight into food process photosynthesis

CO2+H2O+sun—–> O2+C6H12O6

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10
Q

Vacuoles plant cell

A

Plants have a large central vacuole (contractible) for long term storage also provides plant support

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11
Q

Cytoplasm plant cell

A

Jelly like nutrient rich substance that all organelles float around in

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12
Q

What is biology

A

The study of life

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13
Q

What is the cell theory

A

The cell is considered to be the unit of life

All living things are made up of a cell or cells

That all cells come from pre existing cells

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14
Q

Animal cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out
It’s the most outer layer of the cell
Composed of phisholipid bilayer
Simple diffusion how tiny things move in and out
Osmosis water goes towards sugar and salt
Glucose binds to protein and it spits it out on the other side called active transport

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15
Q

Nucleus animal cell

A

Contains chromosomes strands of DNa that controls cell reproduction and cell activity by controlling protein production

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16
Q

Animal cell ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made

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17
Q

ER animal cell

A

Acts to protect and modify and ship protein outwards

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18
Q

Golgi animal cell

A

Receives stores modifys and ship in or out proteins

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19
Q

Mitochondria animal cell

A

Produces all energy in the cell

Process called Cellular respiration

Animals have more

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20
Q

Vacuoles animal cell

A

Stores water

Smaller and more vacuoles than plant cells

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21
Q

Lysosomes animal cell

A

Contains protein to help keep cells clean auto digesters of the cell

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22
Q

Centrioles animal cell

A

Also a protein that helps in cell reproduction

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance rich in nutrients that organelles float around in

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24
Q

Cell cycle

A

Interphase

Mitosis

  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telephone

Cytokinesis

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25
Interphase
46 strands of DNA DNA must duplicate but first must grow 90-80% of entire cycle happens in this stage
26
Mitosis | Prophase metaphase anaphase telephase
Mitosis: devision of nucleus and genetic material Prophase: chromosomes swell after duplication and centrioles move towards opposite poles of nucleus Metaphase: chromosomes form single line in nucleus. spindle fibres form Anaphase: chromosomes devide and move towards opposite ends of nucleus, nucleus begins to pinch Telephase: two nuclei each with 46 strands of DNA (chromosomes) cell starts to pinch
27
Cytokinesis
Division of cell and cytoplasm 2 new cells each with 46 strands of dNA This is how we grow
28
Rates of cell cycle
0-2 cycle is most rapid 10-16 2nd most rapid growth After cycle remains steady until late 20s early 30s After the cycle gets slower and slower aging
29
Things going wrong in the cell cycle
Mutations a biological error Majority of mutations occur during interphase
30
Effects of mutations | Good vs bad definition
Good: a mutation is an error (change in DNA) that makes us more likely to reproduce as a species Bad: any error that makes us less likely to reproduce as a species
31
What are mutagens
An environmental agent that causes mutations Unfortunately they cause too many and are usually bad example drugs radiation dehydration
32
Types of reproduction
Asexual (cell cycle) Sexual reproduction
33
Cell cycle definition
It is a process in which an individual cell reproduces themselves however we grow this way it is not how we reproduce
34
Asexual reproduction definition
Any creature that can reproduce offspring all by themselves they use the cell cycle
35
Advantages and disadvantages 3 each Asexual reproduction
Advantages Don't need to find a partner More offspring It's fast, anyplace any time Disadvantages No pleasure Lack of genetic diversity Bad mutations always passed on
36
Types of asexual reproduction
``` Fragmentation Budding Spore formation Binary fission Vegetative reproduction ```
37
Sexual reproduction: producing new offspring by two parents 3 advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Fun meaningful Bad mutations are less likely to show up Better genetic variety ``` Disadvantages Lots of energy used Takes a long time Lots of things to go wrong More chance of disease ```
38
Animal cell membrane
Controls what goes in and out It's the most outer layer of the cell Composed of phisholipid bilayer Simple diffusion how tiny things move in and out Osmosis water goes towards sugar and salt Glucose binds to protein and it spits it out on the other side called active transport
39
Nucleus animal cell
Contains chromosomes strands of DNa that controls cell reproduction and cell activity by controlling protein production
40
Animal cell ribosomes
Where proteins are made
41
ER animal cell
Acts to protect and modify and ship protein outwards
42
Golgi animal cell
Receives stores modifys and ship in or out proteins
43
Mitochondria animal cell
Produces all energy in the cell Process called Cellular respiration Animals have more
44
Vacuoles animal cell
Stores water Smaller and more vacuoles than plant cells
45
Lysosomes animal cell
Contains protein to help keep cells clean auto digesters of the cell
46
Centrioles animal cell
Also a protein that helps in cell reproduction
47
Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance rich in nutrients that organelles float around in
48
Cell cycle
Interphase Mitosis - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telephone Cytokinesis
49
Interphase
46 strands of DNA DNA must duplicate but first must grow 90-80% of entire cycle happens in this stage
50
Mitosis | Prophase metaphase anaphase telephase
Mitosis: devision of nucleus and genetic material Prophase: chromosomes swell after duplication and centrioles move towards opposite poles of nucleus Metaphase: chromosomes form single line in nucleus. spindle fibres form Anaphase: chromosomes devide and move towards opposite ends of nucleus, nucleus begins to pinch Telephase: two nuclei each with 46 strands of DNA (chromosomes) cell starts to pinch
51
Cytokinesis
Division of cell and cytoplasm 2 new cells each with 46 strands of dNA This is how we grow
52
Rates of cell cycle
0-2 cycle is most rapid 10-16 2nd most rapid growth After cycle remains steady until late 20s early 30s After the cycle gets slower and slower aging
53
Things going wrong in the cell cycle
Mutations a biological error Majority of mutations occur during interphase
54
Sexual reproduction cycle
1Interphase 2Meiosis1 (prophase1, metaphase1, anaphase1, telophase1) 3Cytokinesis 4Meiosis2 (prophase2, metaphase2, anaphase2, telophase2) 5Cytokinesis2
55
What are cells called with only 23 chromosomes
They are called gametes
56
What are haploid and diploids
Haploids are cells with only half the amount of chromosomes (DNA) needed for a human cell Diploids are cells that have a full copy of DNA
57
Special things needed for sexual reproduction
Specialized tissues for producing the haploid gametes (testies and ovaries) Specialized tissues for protecting gametes Specialized tissues for delivering gametes to eachother to form the zygote Specialized tissues to grow Zygote into a cell
58
The interaction between homologous paired chromosomes give the new features for example
The last pair (23rd) decides if the fetus will be female or male this is a 50/50 chance
59
Male reproductive system | List
Rectum, bladder, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper's glands, epididymis, testicles, scrotum or sac, penis, urethra, vas deferns, intershtal tissue, the sac off the scrotum.
60
Mutations in sexual cycle
Given the complexity there are more things that can go wrong and often do, A mutation with an extra chromosome is called Down syndrome (trisomy) Trisomy on the 23rd set of chromosomes causes gender malfunction, too much testosterone or both parts that don't work xxx xxy xyy
61
Types of asexual reproduction and an example of each
``` Binary fission, bacteria Budding, yeast Spore formation, mushrooms Vegetative reproduction, strawberry Fragmentation, starfish ```

science 9 (10 decks)

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