section 4 micro Flashcards
functions of the respiratory system
air conduction gas exchange olfaction heat regulation acid-base homeostasis
what makes up the conduction system
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
transitional system components
terminal bronchioles
gas exchange system components
respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
system that brings air into the respiratory portion
conducting system
system that cleanses, moistens, and warms incoming air
conducting system
what regulates temperature of inhaled air in the nasal cavity
blood in venous plexuses of the mucous membrane
traps particulate matter in the nasal cavity
hair and secretions
Is the conducting system ciliated or nonciliated cells
ciliated
consists exclusively of terminal bronchioles
transitional system
T/F
healthy bronchioles have goblet cells
FALSE they do not have goblet cells if they are healthy
thin walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries
alveoli
what cells are alveoli lined by
type 1 and type 1 pneumocytes
what is the non-specific defense mechanism of the respiratory system
it is not immune mediated
mucous trapping, mucociliary clearance
phagocytosis
air turbulence
what is the specific defense mechanism of the respiratory system
this is immune mediated
antibody producing and antibody mediated phagocytosis
cell-mediated immunity
epithelium lining of the conducting system
pseudostratified ciliated columnar with secretory goblet cells and submucosal serous cells
nasal cavity epithelium
pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells
explain the lamina propria of the nasal cavity
contains many tubulo-alveolar glands that are mainly serous with lesser mucous and mixed glands
Bowmans glands
olfaction – odorant binding
olfactory epithelium contains ______
olfactory sensory cells
bone supported cavity within the skull divided by nasal cartilaginous septum into two halves
nasal cavity
three regions of each half of the nasal cavity
- vestibular
- respiratory
- olfactory
the initial and external part of the nasal cavity that has a cutaneous membrane and haired skin and glands
vestibular region
vestibular region epithelium
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
largest part of the nasal cavity
respiratory region
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium combined with goblet cells is called what
mucociliary apparatus – responsible for clearance
**in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity that narrow the lumen and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucous membrane
Conchae Turbinates
** increase the quality and quantity of inhaled air
goblet cells produce ____
mucinogen granules
goblet cells are present along the airways until the level of _____
large bronchioles
secretion of goblet cells serves what function
to trap particulate matter in the airways
goblet cells reaction to injury
increased numbers – hyperplasia – smokers
metaplasia
a change from ciliated stratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium
metaplasia
ciliated epithelial cells are connected by _____
gap junctions
ciliated epithelial cells have “claws” of ________ to beat in unison and move mucus
dynein
dysfunction when dynein claws are missing
immotile cilia syndrome – kartageners
T/F
olfactory epithelium has goblet cells
false – lacks goblet cells
T/F
olfactory epithelium is thicker than respiratory epithelium
TRUE – much thicker
supporting cells of olfactory epithelium
sustentacular
olfactory neurons come from
the axons of Cr. N. 1 for smell
the olfactory region is in the dorsal or ventral part of the nasal cavity?
dorsal
stem cells in the olfactory epithelium
basal cells
venous plexuses distended with blood found in both the olfactory and the respiratory regions of the nasal cavity
swell bodies
organ used for sensing pheromones and sexual behavior
vomeronasal organ
larynx epithelium
initially is stratified squamous
after the vocal cords it is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
trachea epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
T/F
serous glands are in the lamina propria and submucosa of the trachea
true
T/F
the lamina propria and the submucosa are clearly demarcated in the trachea
FALSE
what supports the tracheal wall
rings of cartilage which are incomplete dorsally
T/F
birds trachea have complete rings of cartilage
TRUE
a __________ completes the wall of the trachea
connective tissue adventitia
trachea bifurcates into _____
bronchi – plates of hyaline cartilage are present here
bronchi lining epithelium
pseudostratified cilited columnar
what surrounds the bronchus lamina propria
smooth muscle
bronchi branch into ____
bronchioles
what do bronchioles lack
cartilage and glands !
T/F
a muscular mucosae is present in the terminal bronchioles
TRUE
epithelial lining of the terminal bronchioles
ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells
cells located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles that bulge at the surface
club/clara cells
source of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airways
CLUB CELLS
metabolize airborne toxins and may have an immune function
club cells
function is conduction and gas exchange
respiratory bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles epithelium
ciliated cuboidal epithelium that becomes flattened distalyl
T/F
respiratory bronchioles have an incomplete muscularis mucosea
TRUE
respiratory bronchioles subdivide into ___
alveolar ducts
the walls of the alveolar ducts are composed entirely of ________ lined by ____ epithelial cells
alveoli lined by simple squamous
The edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains ______ cells
smooth muscle
alveolar ducts empty into
alveolar sacs and alveoli
The presence of _____ gives the lip of the alveolus a knob like appearance
smooth muscle
T/F
alveolar sacs do not have smooth muscle
TRUE
alveolar spaces filled with proteinaceous fluid
pulmonary edema
allow macrophage passage from one alveolus to another
pores
provide equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if a bronchiole is obstructed
alveolar pores
connect alveoli
alveolar pores
what type of collagen is present in the alveolar wall
type 3
type ___ collagen always present in the conducting airways
one
cells that form the walls of the alveoli
type 1 pneumocytes – squamous alveolar type 1
compose 95% of alveolar surface area
type 1 pneumocytes – squamous alveolar type 1
T/F
type one pneumocytes are mitotic cells
FALSE
extremely thin cells with occluding junctions to prevent fluid passage
type 1 pneumocytes – squamous alveolar type 1
T/F
gas permeability is a desired function of type 1 pneumocytes
TRUE
account for 5% alveolar surface area
type II pneumocytes – granular alveolar type II
secretory cell that produces surfactant via lamellar bodies
type II pneumocytes – granular alveolar type II
T/F
type II pneumocytes can be mitotic to produce BOTH type 1 and type II pneumocytes
TRUE
also called the “Great alveolar cell”
type II pneumocytes – granular alveolar type II
lamellar granules contain ____
recently synthesized surfactant
mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein
surfactant
constantly produced by type II pneumocytes
surfactant
functions to reduce surface tension, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli to prevent collapse
surfactant
stimulates production of surfactant in a fetus just prior to parturition
cortisol
Hyaline Membrane Disease
absence of surfactant in newborns
alveolar collapse
atelectasis
4 components of Blood-Air Barrier
- the vascular endothelium
- basement membrane of endothelial cells
- basement membrane of type 1 pneumocyte
- cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte
alveolar macrophages
PAM
intravascular macrophages
PIM
dust cell
alveolar macrophages
T/F
there are lymphatic vessels in the alveolar walls
FALSE
type of capillary in the respiratory system
continuous
lungs are covered by ____
visceral pleura – connective tissue lined by simple squamous epithelium
the pleura is composed of simple squamous epithelium known as _______ cells
mesothelial cells
epithelial lining from the lips to the non-glandular stomach
stratified squamous
epithelial lining of glandular stomach and the intestines
simple columnar
formed by the lips, cheek, pharynx, palate and tongue
oral cavity
oral cavity mucosa is lined by
stratified squamous epithelium
T/F
the submucosa is missing in the oral cavity
TRUE
oral cavity feature in ruminants
dental pad
what is the dental pad
has a keratinized layer of epithelium
main component of the tongue
skeletal muscle
doral/upper surface of tongue is irregular due to…
papillae overgrowths – some have tastebuds
T/F
tunica submucosa is present in the tongue
false – it is missing
mucosa epithelium in tongue
stratified squamous
what are the 3 hard structures of a tooth
- enamel
- dentin
- cementum
cells that make enamel
ameloblasts – tall columnar cells
dentin, the layer beneath enamel is produced by ….
odontoblasts
two soft tissues of tooth
pulp and peridontal ligament
cementoblasts
produce cementum
loose connective tissue and nerves derived from neural crest cells in a tooth
pulp
what cells make up the peridontal ligament in teeth
fibroblasts
loose connective tissue, looser than lamina propria
tunica submucosa
facilitates motility of the mucosa and may contain glands, vessels, nerve plexus, or lymphatic nodules
tunica submucosa
controls lumen size and tube motility
tunica muscularis
name of nerve plexus in submucosa
submucous plexus of Meissner
myenteric plexus name in tunica muscularis
Auberbach plexus
could be smooth or skeletal muscle, but is usually two layers of smooth. one inner circular and one outer longitudinal
tunica muscularis
the _______ plexus controls the glands and smooth muscle of the organ
enteric
tunica serosa components
HAS MESOTHELIUM
loose connective tissue
may have adipose tissue
T/F
tunica adventitia has mesothelium
FALSE
has only loose/dense connective tissue
most external tunic
serosa
tunic that is continuous with the mesentery, omentum, and pleura
serosa
covers portions of esophagus, bronchi, trachea, vagina, rectum, where passing through mediastinum, body wall or neck
TUnica adventitia
esophagus innervation
Cranial nerve X
heals poorly and has tunica adventitia over most of course
esophagus
Is the cutaneous mucous membrane of the stomach glandular or non??
non-glandular
**the glandular part is simple columnar epithelium
junction between glandular and non-glandular stomach in ponies
margo plicatus
simple stomach has _____ mucosa ONLY
glandular
parts of the ruminant stomach that are non glandular
the forestomach/proventricles
rumen, reticulum, omasum
glandular region of ruminant stomachs
abosmasum – true stomach
composite stomach and species
pig and horse
has glandular and cutaneous membranes
rumen, reticulum, and omasum epithelial linings
stratified squamous
the _____ squeezes ingesta, liquifies and moves it to the abosmasum
omasum
part of ruminant stomach with honeycomb mucosa
reticulum
function of what two compartments is mixing, absorption, eructation, movement of ingesta and absorbing VFA
reticulum and rumen
in the rumen to increase surface area and absorption
stratified sqamous epithelium with low papilla, cells have desmosomes
proventricles are lined with what
stratified squamous KERATINIZED epithelium
three glandular regions of the stomach in all domestic species
- cardiac
2, fundic - pyloric
invaginations of epithelium lining in stomach
gastric pits
longitudinal ___ allow distention of the tummy
rugae
region of stomach mostly composed of mucous glands
cardiac
region of stomach mostly proper gastric glands with parietal and chief cells
fundic
region with mucous glands and G cells that produce the GI hormone gastrin
pyloric
all gastric glands are _____ and empty into ____
exocrine
gastric pits
T/F
chief cells are basophilic
TRUE
T/F
parietal cells are acidophilic
TRUE
chief cells secrete _____ in adults
pepsinogen
chief cells secrete _____ in infants
Chymosin – to curdle milk
**called rennin in ruminants
Parietal cells secrete ….
HCl and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption
blind ended lymphatic vessels in intestinal villi
lacteals – filters chyle
aggregations of lymphatic nodules present in the lamina propria and submucosa of small intestine
peyers patches
cells located near the crypt base in species such as the primates, horses, and rodents
paneth cells
cells considered to have both a secretory and phagocytic function and produce lysins and cryptidin
paneth cells
cells primarily localized in the crypts
enteroendocrine cells
T/F
large intestines have villi
FALSE
pigs and horses have flat bands in there large intestine composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers called
taenia coli
large intestine innervation is via…
vagus nerve, celiacomesenteric ganglia, caudal mesenteric ganglia, hypogastic and pelvic nerves
T/F
large intestine has goblet cells
TRUE
T/F
large intestine has crypts of lieberkuhn
TRUE
duodenum has ______ glands in the tunica submucosa
brunners
in the rectum/anus the epithelium is keratinized near the ____________ junction
muco-cutaneous junction
stores feces and secretes mucus
rectum
type of anal gland present in pigs and pups
tubuloacinar
** located in the submucosa and muscularis of the anal canal
instead of rectum, birds and reptiles have
cloaca
anal glands
empty into lumen of anus
anal sac glands
empty into anal sacs
circumanal glands
in dogs
have non-patent ducts with unknown function and may form benign tumors
the glands of anal sacs are ______ in dogs
apocrine tubular sweat glands
the glands of anal sacs are ______ in cats
both apocrine tubular sweat glands and sebaceous
circumanal gland composition
modified sebaceous glands in the upper portion and non-sebaceous in the lower portion
present in the subcutis around the anus in dogs
haptoid glands
non-sebaceous glands resemble hepatocytes so they get this name
accessory ocular structures
adnexa
the skulls bony socket
the orbit
located in the orbit
the globe/eyeball
components of the fibrous tunic
sclera and cornea and limbus
components of the vascular tunic
iris
ciliary body
choroid
iridocorneal angle
components of the neuroepithelial tunic
retina
posterior portion of the eye that is composed white opaque layer of dense irregular connective tissue
sclera
protects and maintains shape of the eye
sclera
provides insertion points for tendons of extraocular muscles
sclera
avascular, transparent convex-concave lens in the anterior portion of the eye
cornea
richly supplied by sensory nerves and is relatively dehydrated to maintain transparency
cornea
T/F
the cornea has regenerative capacity
TRUE
posterior limiting lamina/membrane that supports the endothelium of the cornea
Descemet’s Membrane
posterior epithelium of cornea
corneal endothelium
T/F
the anterior corneal epithelium is keratinized
FALSE – it is nonkeratinized stratified squamous
what four factors contribute to corneal transparency
- avascular
- collagen arrangement (fibers from fibrocytes that are parallel to corneal surface)
- proteoglycans between the collagen
- Na+ pumps to transport water out and keep it dehydrated
T/F
the cornea is highly vascularized
FALSE – avascular
corneoscleral junction
limbus
has epithelium that is continuous with the conjuctiva that lines the eyelids
limbus
where does corneal nutrition come from
the microvasculature of the limbus and aqueous humor
determines the eye color
iridial melanin
blue = minimal melanin
iris stroma
pigmented loose connective tissue that is very vascular
where are the dilator and sphincter pupillae muscles located
in the iris
present in equids and ruminants at the dorsal and ventral pupillary margins
iridic granules called corpora nigra
at the convergence of the corneoscleral junction (limbus), ciliary body, and iris
iridocorneal angle
composed of pectinate ligament, trabecular meshwork, and trabecular/aqueous veins
iridocorneal angle
draining point for aqueous humor
iridocorneal angle
anterior expansion of the choroid at the level of the lens
ciliary body
T/F
the ciliary body has BOTH mechanical and secretory functions
TRUE
the ciliary processes are at the ____ of the iris
base
the ciliary body receives its innervation from
CN III – oculomotor nerve
smooth muscle, surrounded by loose connective tissue and contracts during accommodation
ciliary muscle of the ciliary body
ciliary body epithelium
2 layers of low columnar epithelium
nonpigmented layer – ion transporting an forms the aqueous humor
pigmented layer – BLACK, basement membrane extends to form zonular fibers that suspend the lens
suspends the lens
zonular fibers
the posterior epithelium of the iris are continuous with __________ of the ciliary body
nonpigmente epithelium
nourishes the cornea and is glucose rich
aqueous humor
maintains intraocular pressure
aqueous humor
formed by the nonpigmented cells of the ciliary process
aqueous humor
requires constant drainage
aqueous humor
highly vascularized and nourished the retina
choroid
external part of the choroid attaches to the
sclera
internal part of the choroid attaches to the
retinal pigmented epithelium
increases light perception under conditions of poor illumination
tapedum lucidum
sends visual images to the brain
sensory/optical retina
holds the sensory retina in place
vitreous body
photoreceptor cells
rods and cones
contain flattened membranous disks with pigment Rhodopsin
RODS
responsible for vision in dim lighting
rods
T/F
rods and cones are highly advanced neuron cells
TRUE
contain flattened membranous disks with pigment Iodopsin
cones
responsible for vision in bright light and color vision
cones
occupies the space between the lens and retina
vitreous body
is composed of 99% water and is rich in hyaluronic acid
vitreous body
has gel cortex and liquid center
aids in maintaining shape and retinal apposition
vitreous body
T/F
the lens is entirely surrounded by capsule that is thick on the anterior surface
TRUE
T/F
lens loses its vascular supply after development
TRUE
T/F
humans have a 3rd eyelid
FALSE
nicitating membrane
third eyelid
protects eye and removes foreign materials
third eyelid
contributes 30-50% of the aqueous portion of the tear film via small ductules
Gland of the third eyelid
gives cobblestone look and is located under the conjunctiva surface
aggregated lymphatic nodules
lines the third eyelid
conjuctiva
present at the base of lacrimal glands
myoepithelial cells
tear film moistures, lubricates, protects the eye
lacrimal gland
has tuboalveolar seromucinous acini composed of secretory cells filled with small granules
lacrimal glands
superficial layer of the tear film
Meibomian (tarsal) glands
the oily component of tears
meibomian/tarsal glands
aqueous component of tears
seromucous from lacrimal glands
mucous component of tears
produced by goblet cells in the conjunctiva
list the 4 urinary organs
- kidneys
- ureter
- urinary bladder
- urethra
functional unit of the kidney
nephrons
nephrons are the site of _______
osmoregulation
renal corpuscles are located in the ____ of the kidney
cortex
T/F
collecting ducts and tubules are part of nephrons
FALSE
includes the glomerulus and all tubule segments through the connecting segment
nephrons
what is also known as Bowmans capsule
glomerular capsule
visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
podocytes
parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
squamous cells
from fenestrated glomerular capillaries
endothelial cells
cells between the fenestrated capillaries in the renal corpuscle
mesangial cells
produced by ultrafiltration of blood in the renal corpuscle
primary/glomerular filtrate
T/F
98% of filtrate is reabsorbed
TRUE
3 components of the blood-urine barrier
- endothelium of glomerular capillaries with fenestrations
- glomerular basement membrane = fused basal lamina of capillaries and podocytes
- podocytes
where are filtration slits
between pedicels of foot processes of podocytes
phagocytic and contractile cells
mesangial cells
provide structural support to capillaries
mesengial cells
have receptors angiotensin II
mesengial cells
what three parts make up the loops of henle
thin segment and two straight segments of the proximal and distal of the renal segment
confusing ?^
tubules in the kidney with brush borders
proximal tubules
proximal convoluted tubules are present only in the _____
cortex
T/F
proximal convoluted tubules appear more numerous than distal convoluted tubules
TRUE
T/F
proximal convoluted tubules serve in absorption
TRUE
nephron loops parallel the ______ and facilitate _____ and water exchange
vasa recta
ion
begin at the vascular pole of the renal corpsucle
distal convoluted tubules
Do distal convoluted tubules have a brush border?
NO
main target of aldosterone
cells of the distal convoluted tubules
specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubules
macula densa
regulates blood pressure
juxtaglomerular apparatus
cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus that are chemoreceptors that sense Na+ concentrations in filtrate
Macula Densa cells – part of distal convoluted tubules
mainly smooth muscle cells that are of afferent (and some efferent) arterioles that detect variations in blood pressure
juxtaglomerular cells
sense blood pressure changes
baroreceptors
secreted into vessel lumen by juxtaglomerular cells in response to blood pressure changes
renin
collecting ducts lumen contains….
urine of variable concentration
collecting duct lining epithelium
low columnar to cuboidal composed of principle and intercalated cells
cells that participate in acid-base balance in collecting ducts
intercalated cells
cells that resorb Na and H2O under ADH control
principle cells
terminal portion of collecting ducts
papillary ducts
where do papillary ducts empty
at area of cribrosa of renal crest or papilla
take away water passing collecting ducts and papillary ducts
vasa recta
uterus, bladder, urethra epithelium
transitional
urinary bladder tunica mucosa lining
urothelium – type of transitional epithelium
tunica serosa in urinary bladder lined by
mesothelium
male urethra lining
transitional but last part is stratified squamous
deferent ducts and accessory sex glands of the male all empty into ___
urethra
male urethra vascular stratum
corpus spongiosum
derived from either mesoderm or ectoderm
mesenchyme
develops from intermediate mesoderm and urogenital sinus
urinary tract
comprises loosely associated nonpolarized cells
mesenchyme
a continuous sheet of polarized cells whose apical and basal regions are separated by tight junctions
epithelium
forms the definitive kidney
metanephros
first stage of a developing kidney
pronephros
accumulation of saliva forming a fluid filled mass adjacent to a ruptured salivary gland
sialocele
liquid secreted by salivary glands
saliva
type of salivary gland secretions
mixed, serous, mucous
secretory units
adenomeres
largest visceral organ of the body (1-4% body weight) in abdominal cavity
liver
have dual blood supply sinusoids
liver
**from portal vein (70-80%)
and hepatic artery (O2 rich)
lobules of the liver are separated by
connective tissue septa
each liver lobe is covered by
mesothelium
parenchymal cells arranged in plates with adjacent sinusoids in liver
hepatocytes – the plates are organized at hepatic lobules (what we see in the microscope)
thick connective tissue layer under the mesothelium on the liver
capsule of Glisson
an exocrine secretion of the liver that is important in digestion
bile
in between hepatocytes
bile canaliculi - where the bile goes to be secreted into the bile ductules and then into bile ducts
complex lipids transported by lymph vessels of liver
chylomicrons
brings blood from intestines to the liver, rich in nutrients
portal vein
space of disse
site of exchange between blood and hepatocyte
2 poles of hepatocyte
bile and vascular
T/F
hepatic sinusoids have fenestrated capillaries
TRUE
**but without basal lamina
lipids and carbohydrates are stored in the liver in the form of _______
triglycerides and glycogen
**VERY important because it supplies the body with energy between meals
shape of hepatic lobules
hexagonal
blood leaves the liver via the hepatic vein vis the ____
caudal vena cava
local macrophages of the livers located adjacent to the sinusoids
Kupffer cells
Bile in the canaliculi flows in the _____ direction of blood to reach the bile ductules within the portal triads
opposite
structural unit of the liver
hepatic lobule
blood goes from portal vein to ____ vein
central vein
type of fibers in the liver that helps keep the hepatocytes organized
reticular fibers
**need silver stain
another name for the portal triad
portobiliary space
bile flows towards ___
axis (portal triad)
physiological unit of live
portal lobule – triangular in shape
hepatocytes nearest ____ receive lowest O2 blood
central vein
first to be damaged if vascular compromise exists in the liver
hepatocytes nearest the central vein
refers to the vascular flow pattern between liver lobules
hepatic acinus
zone that has high O2, high pathogen exposure, and high nutrients
zone 1 – perilobular
zone with moderate 02, moderate pathogen exposure and moderate nutrients
zone 2 –
zone with low 02, low pathogen exposure and low nutrients
zone 3 — centrilobular
accepts bile from cystic duct for storage
gall bladder
seen when the gall bladder is empty
abundant mucosal folds
T/F
epithelial cells of the gall bladder are capable of modifying bile
TRUE
** they can concentrate it by absorption of H2O and inorganic salts
T/F
gall bladder does not have muscularis mucosa
TRUE
epithelial lining of gall bladder
simple columnar and microvilli
dual gland with exocrine and endocrine functions
pancreas
part of pancreas composed of tubuloacinar secretory units
exocrine
T/F
pancreas has striated ducts
FALSE
are islets of langerhaan in the pancreas endocrine or exocrine
endocrine
95% of parenchyma in pancreas
exocrine
**only 5% is endocrine
pancreatic acinus
secretory part of exocrine pancreas – go to the ducts
T/F
everything surrounding the islets of langerhaan (endocrine pancreas) is the exocrine pancreas
TRUE
