anatomy prac 2 ayyy Flashcards
dorsal branches of the spinal nerves supply ____ muscles
epaxial
ventral branches of spinal nerves supply ____ muscles
hypaxial
thoracic and lumbar nerves are _____ to their correspondent vertebrae
caudal
CNS 8 is _____ to cervical vertebra 7
caudal
the first pair of cervical spinal nerves emerge from where ?
the lateral vertebral foramen of the atlas
the vertebral artery, vein, and nerve pass through ______ of cervical vertebrae 1-6
transverse foramina
immediately caudal to the wing of the atlas and emerges between the cleidomastoideous and omotransversarius
2nd pair of cervical spinal nerves
Cranial nerve XI is also the what nerve
accessory spinal nerve
cranial nerve XI supplies what muscle
trapezius
the 2 major body cavities that are separated by the diaphragm
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic
thoracic cavity dorsal boundary
T1-T13
thoracic cavity ventral boundary
8 sternebrae
thoracic cavity lateral boundary
13 pairs of ribs and 2 costal arches
diaphragm is what type of muscle
skeletal – under voluntary control
where to the lumbar right and left crura of the diaphragm attach
bodies of the 3/4th lumbar vertebrae
four diaphragm openings
- lumbocostal arches - not a true opening
- aortic hiatus
- esophageal hiatus
- caval foramen
aspiration of pleural fluid from the abdomen
thoracentesis
can be approached without risk to pleural cavity clinically
diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection
where the vena cava passes the diaphram
plica vena cava
clinical issue with diaphragm
diaphragmatic hernias
prevents frictional irritations in viscera
serous liquid filling serous cavities
3 serous cavities in the thoracic region
pleural (right and left)
pericardial
serous cavity in the abdomen
peritoneal
pleural effusions
liquid accumulation in thoracic cavity
recesses/pockets of the pleural cavity
pleural cupula
4 “recesses”
- costomediastinal
- costodiaphragmatic
- mediastinal
- lumbodiaphragmatic
dorsal boundaries of the cervical visceral space
longus capitus and longus coli
ventral boundaries of the cervical visceral space
sternohyrodius
sternocephalicus
fibrous pericardium
dense connective tissue
parietal pericardium
internal lining
like a parasaggital wall that continues cranially as the cervical visceral space
mediastinum
contents of the cervical visceral space
trachea esophagus thyroid gland parathyroid gland recurrent laryngeal nerves tracheal lymph nodes carotid sheath with common carotid arteries, vagosympathetic trunk and internal jugular veins
endocrine gland located cranially to the sternum and is more developed in the young
thymus gland
functional blood supply of the lungs
pulmonary arteries and veins
nutritional blood supply of the lungs
bronchoesophageal artery
right azygos vein
has incomplete cartilaginous rings connected by annular ligaments
trachea
branches into bronchi
trachea
conducting system of respiratory system
trachea and bronchial tree
exchange portion of respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles – alveolar ducts/sacs and alveoli
has a groove for vena cava to transverse the lungs
accessory lobe of the right lungs
first branch off ascending aorta into aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk
second branch off of the aortic arch
left subclavian artery
supplies the cranial intercostal spaces and muscles of the neck
costocervical trunk
extends through transverse vertebral foramina to supply the brain
vertebral artery of the left subclavian
branches of the subclavian arteries
- costocervical trunk
- vertebral artery
- superficial cervical artery
- internal thoracic artery
supplies the superficial structures of the neck
superficial cervical artery
supplies ventral intercostal spaces and costal wall and continues as the cranial epigastric artery
internal thoracic artery
3 veins that do not have arterial counterparts
cranial vena cave
caudal vena cava
right azygos
vein that drains from the head
cranial vena cava
veins that drain from the thoracic wall
caudal vena cava and right azygos
relay sensory info TO the CNS
afferent
relay motor output FROM the CNS
efferent
T/F
interneurons are located entirely in the CNS
TRUUU
involuntary tissues
smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, glands
composed of both sensory neuron fibers and motor neuron axons
mixed nerve
T/F
all spinal nerves are mixes nerves
TRUE
what comes from the dorsal root
afferent axons of both somatic and visceral sensory neurons
comes from the ventral root
efferent somatic motor neuron axons
have a cell body located in the CNS, and the axon synapses onto a second autonomic neuron in autonomic ganglion
presynaptic ganglionic neuron
has a ganglion outside of the CNS and axon synapses on target tissue
postsynaptic ganglionic neuron
fight or flight
SNS
rest and digest
PSNS
releases adrenaline
SNS
releases acetylcholine
PSNS
comes from the craniosacral regions and synapse in ganglia located within the organs that they innervate
parasympathetic division
located on either side of the vertebral column and is comprised of comprised of post synaptic cell bodies
paravertebral chain
comes from thorocolumbar regions
sympathetic innervation
ganglion at the head level, not seen in lab
cranial cervical ganglion
three ganglia of the cervical region
cervicothoracic
middle cervical
cranial cervical
3 pre-vertebral ganglion
celiac
cranial mesenteric
caudal mesenteric
nerves that originate from the paravertebral chain and communicate with the pre-verbebral ganglia
splanchnic nerves
originate from the caudal mesenteric ganglion and is made of post-SNS axons that innervate viscera from the pelvic cavity
hypogastric nerves
made of pre-synaptic fibers within the carotid sheath
vagus nerve
issued by the vagus nerve within the middle mediastinum, they ascend the trachea to larynx and supply parasympathetic fibers
recurrent laryngeal nerves (r/l)
what does the right recurrent laryngeal wrap around
right subclavian artery
what does the left recurrent laryngeal wrap around
ligamentum arteriosum and the arch of the aorta
mixed nerves that give somatic motor innervation to the diaphragm
phrenic nerves
a very tough, fibro-serous membrane around the heart that is contained in the middle mediastinum
pericardium
continuation of the fibrous pericardium to the diaphragm
phrenicopericardial ligament
- *sternopericardium in large animals
- -restricts movement of heart
pericardium attached firmly to the heart
visceral (epicardium)
T/F
the parietal and fibrous pericardium can be easily separated
FALSE
azygos vein in fetus and sometimes ruminants
bilateral
side that azygos vein persists in carnivores and horses
right
side the azygos vein persists in ruminants and pigs
left
part of heart that consists of the left ventrical
Apex
Do pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated or deoxy blood
deoxygenated
Do pulmonary veins carry oxy or deoxy blood
oxygenated
blind sac of the heart
auricle
receives blood from systemic veins
right atrium
4 openings of the right atrium
coronary sinus
caudal vena cava
cranial vena cava
atrioventricular orifice
diverts the blood from the cranial and caudal vena cavas into the right ventricle
intervenous tubercle
what strengthens the auricles
pectinate muscles that interlace each other
location of the fossa ovalis
caudal to the intervenou tubercle in the right atrium
separation of the main compartment and the auricle
crista terminalis
receives blood from right atrium
right ventricle
cords extending from the AV valve to the papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
**prevent valve from flipping backward
sends blood to the lungs
right ventricle
myocardial ridges in the right ventricle as papillary muscles
trabeculae carnae
receives blood from the lungs
left atrium
mitral valve
left AV valve
which ventricle is thicker
left – stronger to send blood throughout body
AV valve cusps
- septal – adjacent to septum
2. parietal – adjacent to outer ventricular wall
between Right ventricle and pulmonary vessels
pulmonary semilunar valve (has 3 cusps)
between left ventricle and aorta
aortic semilunar valve
origin of the left and right coronary arteries
aortic sinuses
base of heart points ____
dorsocranially
apex of heart points _____
caudoventrally
angle of heart in pupper
45 degrees
what is PAM
they are the three locations to listen to on the left side of the heart of points of max intensity
P: pulmonic valve
A: aortic valve
M: mitral valve
point of max intensity on right
right AV valve
What are the PAM on dogs
left side **
P: 3rd intercostal space
A: 4th intercostal space
M: 5th intercostal space
where do you listen to the right av valve on a dog
4th intercostal space on right side
PAM on horses
P: 3rd intercostal space
A: 4th intercostal space
M: 5th intercostal space
right av valve listening on horse
between 3-4th intercostal space on right side
PAM on cows
P: 3rd intercostal space
A: 4th intercostal space
M: 4th intercostal space
Right av valve spot on cow auscultations
right hand side, between 3-4th intercostal space on right side
what was the fossa ovalis in a fetus
foramen ovale in fetus – used as a passage to go straight from the right atrium to the left atrium and bipass the lungs
what was the ligamentum arteriosum in a fetus
ductus arteriosus – used to shut blood from pulmonary artery to the aorta
persistant right aortic arch
congenital birth defect – ligamentum arteriosum will wrap around the esophagus (connecting to the pulmonary artery) which constricts the esophagus and leads to megaesophagus and regurgitation
**normally noticed when young switch from milk to solid foods
defect with patent foramen ovale – “common atrium”
atrial septal defect
accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
pericardial effusion
genetic defect of abnormal myocardium so there are thin walls in the heart and lower contractility
dilated cardiomyopathy
on the right side of the lungs to drain fluid from the 4/5th intercostal spaces
cardiac notch
most common cardiac disease in cats
thicker than normal left ventricle
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
common in king charles spaniel – cause of heart murmurs and backflow of blood
mitral valve insufficiency
heartworm
from mosquitos – they take up residency in the pulmonary arteries and it backs up into the heart’s right ventricle
double layers of peritoneum that connect visceral to the dorsal or ventral body walls
mesenteries
abdominal cavity cranial border
diaphragm
abdominal cavity caudal border
pelvic inlet
abdominal cavity dorsal borders
vertebrae
sublumbar muscles
crura of the diaphragm
abdominal cavity lateral borders
ribs and intercostal muscles/arches – interthoracic
muscles of abdominal wall – extrathoracic
abdominal cavity ventral border
rectus abdominus muscle
parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
parts of the large intestine
cecum
colon
3 accessory organs of the digestive system
gall bladder
liver
pancreas
divides the body and the pylorus of the stomach
angular incisure
condition in dogs, consisting of excessive dilation of the stomach followed by the twisting of the stomach around its longitudinal axis
gastric dilation volvulus – normally large deep chested breeds
attachment of the root of the mesentery
abdominal wall near the 2nd lumbar vertebrae
what does the root of the mesentery contain in it??
cranial mesenteric artery and the mesentery
junction between the duodenum and ileum
duodenojejunal flexure
multiple coils that occupy the ventral abdominum
jejunum
suspended by the mesojejunum of mesentery
jejunum
in the dog does the cecum communicate with the ileum
no
communication between the ascending colon and the ileum in dogs
ileocolic orifice
**NOT in horses!! they go ileocecal and cecocolic
communication between the ascending colon and the cecum
cecocolic orifice
ligament that attached spleen
gastrosplenic ligament
storage of red blood cells
spleen
number of liver lobes
6
2 processes of the caudate lobe of the liver
caudate and papillary processes
which kidney is typically more cranial
right
renal fossa
a notch in the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver that the RIGHT kidney sits in
stores bile that is produced in the liver
gall bladder
takes bile from liver to bile ducts
hepatic ducts
extension of neck of gall bladder
cystic duct
union of the hepatic and cystic ducts that opens at the major duodenal papilla
common bile duct
which lobe of the pancreas is within the mesoduodenum
right
which lobe of the liver is in the deep leaf of the omentum
left
where does the body of the pancreas lie
at the pylorus of the stomach
name of peritoneum on kidneys
retroperitoneum – on one side of kidneys
connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder
ureter
when intestines protrude through the vaginal ring into the inguinal canal or scrotum
inguinal hernia
extension of peritoneum that protrudes through the deep inguinal ring
vaginal ring
vaginal process – females
vaginal tunic – males
pre-synaptic sympathetic coming off of paravertebral chain
rami communicans
**unsure about this??
three unpaired branches of the aorta
celiac artery
cranial mesenteric artery
caudal mesenteric artery
three branches off the celiac artery
left gastric
hepatic
splenic
what does the left gastric supply
the lesser curvature of the stomach
hepatic artery branches
right gastric
gastroduodenal
hepatic artery also directly supplies what organ without further branching
the liver
what does the right gastric artery supply
lesser curvature of the stomach
branches off of the gastroguodenal artery
right gastroepiploic
cranial pancreaticoduodenal
what does the right gastroepiploic artery supply
greater curvature of the stomach
what does the pancreaticoduodenal artery supply
the pancreas and the duodenum
what does the splenic artery supply before branches
spleen
what are the branches of the splenic
left gastroepiploic artery
short gastric branch
what do the left gastroepiploic artery and short gastric branch of splenic artery supply
left gastro – greater curvature of the stomach
short gastric branch – stomach
what does the caudal mesenteric artery divide into
left colic artery
cranial rectal artery
what does the left colic artery supply
the descending colon
what does the cranial rectal artery supply
rectum
what does the cranial mesenteric artery divide into
ileocolic artery – “common trunk”
caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery
jejunal/ileal artery
what does the caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery supply
the pancreas and duodenum
what does the jejunal aa/ileal aa supply
jejunum and ilium
what doe common trunk/ileocolic artery branch into
middle colic artery
right colic artery
colic branch of the ileocolic artery
cecal artery
what does the middle colic artery supply
descending and transverse colon
what does the right colic artery supply
transverse and ascending colon
what does the colic branch of the ileocolic artery supply
the ascending colon
what does the cecal artery supply before branching
cecum
what does the cecal artery branch in to
antimesenteric ileal artery
what does the antimesenteric ileal artery supply
ileum
**NOT in horses
what supplies the liver
hepatic arteries
what supplies the spleen
splenic arteries
veins from paired organs drain into ____
caudal vena cava
veins from unpaired organs will drain into ___
hepatic portal vein
lymphatic vessels of the abdomen will drain into the _________ which is continued by the thoracic duct
cisterna chyli
dual innervation to organs helps to maintain what?
homeostasis
axons leaving the mesenteric (pre-vertebral) ganglia distribute _________ innervation to viscera
post-ganglionic sympathetic
name of grouping the celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglion together
celicaomesenteric ganglion and plexus
_______ innervation is via the dorsal and ventral vagal nerve trunks and pelvic nerves
parasympathetic
what animals are stomach fermenters??
what animals are gut fermenters??
ruminants
horses
in a calf what is the largest stomach compartment
abomasum
4 compartments of a ruminant stomach
reticulum
rumen
omasum
abomasum
what is the true stomach of ruminants
abomasum
the rumen is laterally compressed and fills what side of the abdomen
left
in a horse what side does the cecum rest
right
the ______ of the ruminant stomach extends from the diaphragm to the pelvic inlet
rumen
the _____ is the cranioventral part of the stomach in ruminants and it lies immediately caudal to the diaphragm
reticulum
has a honeycomb like appearance inside
reticulum
reticulum epithelium
stratified squamous keratinized
another name for the reticular groove
esophageal groove
components of the gastric groove
reticular groove + omasal groove + abomasal groove
allows bipass of the rumen so food can go straight from esophagus to abomasum
gastric groove
what triggers the gastric groove to close in both calves and adults
calves – suckling for milk
adults – ADH hormone because of dehydration
longitudinal folds in the cavity of the omasum
laminae – help with mechanical digestion by contracting and absorbing
glandular stomach in ruminants
abosmasum
knot at the pyloric sphincter in ruminants to help close the sphincter
torus pyloricus
permanent structures on the inside of the abomasum
spiral folds
major innervation of the ruminant stomach
DORSAL VAGAL TRUNK
minor is ventral trunk
T/F
large ruminants have a pancreatic and a bile duct
FALSE
only small ruminants have the pancreatic duct, but both large and small have a bile duct
the bulk of the ruminant intestines are located within the _______ on the right side (because rumen occupies the left)
supraomental recess
components of the ruminal ascending colon
proximal loop centripedal gyri -- going in central flexure centrifugal gyri -- going out distal loop
what supplies the proximal loop and the centripedal gyri in ruminants prior to the central flexure
colic branch of the ileocolic artery
what supplies the ventral colon of horses large colon prior to the pelvic flexure
colic branch of the ileocolic artery
what supplies the oral part of dog ascending colon
colic branch of the ileocolic artery
what supplies the aboral part of a dog ascending colon
right colic artery
what supplies the centrifugal gyri and the distal loop of the ruminant ascending colon that follows after the central flexure
right colic artery
what supplies the dorsal colon of the horse large colon following the pelvic flexure
right colic artery
built in girdle of elastic tissue in large animals that is thickest ventrally as it merges with the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
tunica flava abdominis
what is unique about the horses esophagus
the lower esophageal/cardiac sphincter is extremely tight – horses do not regurgitate their foods
separates the glandular and non-glandular parts of the horses simple stomach
margo plicatus
the non-glandular mucosa of the horse stomach is what part of the stomach
fundus
name of the bands/longitudinal thickenings of tunica muscularis on the horse large intestines
taenia coli
The succulations/pouches that result from the taenia coli shortening and are significantly more prominent in the ventral colon of horses
haustra
number of bands on the cecum
4
number of bands on the entire ventral colon
4
number of bands on the pelvic flexure and dorsal left colon
1
number of bands on the dorsal flexure and dorsal right colon
3
number of bands on the transverse and descending colon
2
the dorsal band of the cecum leads to the _____
ileocolic fold
the lateral band of the cecum connects to the ____
cecocolic fold
how to tell where the ileum starts and the jejunum ends in horses
ileocecal fold
aponeurotic attachment of all the abdominal wall musculature to the cranial pelvis
prepubic tendon
ruptures of the prepubic tendon
when really pregnant, needs c section and no more babies
hydoallantois – uterus malfunction/fluid buildup
horse colic and causes
abdominal pain – SO MANY CAUSES
T/F
in a normal rectal palpation of a horse, the small intestine is easily perceivable
FALSE – this is bad
free abdominal fluid
ascites
draining of abdominal fluid near the ventral midline at the most gravity dependent part of the abdomen
abdominocentesis
how does exploratory surgery work
start at ileocecal fold and run the GI tract orally and then go back to the fold and run the tract aborally to look for everything
benign fatty tumor of the omentum that becomes pudunculated and wraps around a segment of the GI tract
strangulating lipoma – can lead to necrosis of the intestine
when horses small intestines get trapped in the epiploic foramen
epiploic entrapment
opening the intestinal tract
enterotomy
**remove contents bc ENDOTOXINS and decompress
when stool gets stuck in the intestines and becomes a hard blockage
colon impaction
when the large colon gets stuck between the spleen and the kidney
nephrosplenic entrapment
buildup of kidney stones
enterolith
if a section of bowel doesn’t survive it can be removed
resection/anastomosis
majority of abomasal displacements are which ride
left displaced abomasum – LDA 90%
RDA - 10%
when do displaced abomasums occur
when there is a rapid filling, gas distention, diet change
**it can result in a decreased outflow of stomach contents and also gas distention and compromised blood flow
how to fix displaced abomasum
Roll the cow
surgical plexy – with toggle pin or open laprotomy
anesthesia needs to go to which spinal nerves in cow surgery
T13 and L1-4
which four nerves get the anesthesia for intestinal/stomach surgeries
costoabdominal
ileohypogastric
ileoinguinal
lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
blood supply to the diaphragm
- musculophrenic artery
2. caudal phrenic artery
where do the phrenic nerves originate
spinal nerves C5, C6, C7
underlying connective tissue that attaches the pleura to the thoracic wall
endothoracic fascia
fold of the right mediastinal pleura that envelopes the caudal vena cava and right phrenic nerve
plica vena cava
chief channel for the return of lymph from the lymphatic capillaries and ducts to the venous system
thoracic duct
T/F
the horses left lung’s cranial lobe has a cranial and caudal part
FALSE – only species that does not have the cranial and caudal parts of the cranial left lobe of the lung
where is the cardiac notch in dogs
3rd/4th IC space
where is the cardiac notch in horses
3rd/6th IC space
name the 4 lobes of the left lung
cranial
middle
caudal
accessory
T/F
horses do not have external lobulations of lungs
TRUE
contents of the carotid sheath
common carotid arteries
vagosympathetic trunks
internal jugular veins
functional blood supply of respiratory system
pulmonary arteries and veins
**color does not indicate what they carry.. pulmonary is opposite of normal deoxy vs oxy blood.
** veins are located VENTRALLY to the arteries
located between the basal border of the lung and the diaphragmatic line of plueral relfection
costodiaphragmatic recess
branches of the braciocephalic trunk
left and right common carotid arteries
right subclavian artery
branches off of the ascending aorta
doral intercostal arteries
bronchoesophageal artery
double layers of serous membrane that extend from the mediastinal parietal pleura to the visceral pleura
pulmonary ligaments
three purely sensory cranial nerves
CN I, II, VIII
olfactory
optic
acusticovestibular
three purely motor cranial nerves
CN IV, VI, XII
trochlear
abducent
hypoglossal
cranial nerve with autonomic neurons
VAGUS – CNX
origin of left and right coronary arteries
aortic sinuses
disease of the left ventricle
concentric hypertrophy
contains remnant of the umbilical vein – round ligament of the liver
falciform ligament
supports the urachus in the fetus
median ligament of the urinary bladder – type of ventral mesentery
contains the remnants of umbilical arteries = round ligaments of the bladder
lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder – type of dorsal mesentery
abdominal “immune” organ
spleen
cranial epigastric artery parent
internal thoracic a
supplies mammae
cranial superficial epigastric a
