PID exam 2 Flashcards
Define Infected Premise
premise where a presumptive positive case or confirmed positive case exists based on lab results, compatible clinical signs, case definition, and international standards
Zone for infected premise
Infected zone
Zone for contact premises
Infected zone and buffer zone
Define contact premises
premises with susceptible animals that may have been exposed to the FAD agent, either directly or indirectly, included but not limited to exposure to animals, animal products, fomites, or people from infected premises
zone that immediately surrounds an infected premise
infected zone
zone that immediately surrounds an infected zone
buffer zone
consists of buffer zone and an infected zone
Control area
zone outside and along the border of the control area
surveillance zone
area not included in any control area
Free area
Emergency Vaccination Zone classified as either a Containment Vaccination Zone or a Protection Vaccination zone. This may be a secondary zone designation
Vaccination Zone
Zoonosis
transmission of infectious disease from animals to people
One Health Triad
Healthy animals
Healthy People
Healthy Environment
What is GLEWS and who do they collaborate with?
The Global Early Warning System for Major Animal Diseases Including Zoonoses
they collaborate with
FAO: Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations
OIE: World organization for animal health
WHO: world health organization
What are the objectives of controlling infectious diseases in wildlife?
- Primarily to protect human health against zoonoses in wildlife
- prevent diseases in the wildlife from being transmitted
- protect wildlife from destructive diseases
preventing wildlife disease transmission to livestock
separate livestock vector control vaccinations surveillance and ris assessment antemortem diagnostics and necropsy wildlife population control
disease control in wildlife
- burn and bury carcasses
- disinfect the watering holes
- dart vaccines
reservoir
habitat that an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies
study of viruses and viral disease
virology
someone who studies viruses
virologist
defining a virus
non-living
have a nucleic genome surrounded by a protein coat and in some cases a lipid envelope
DO NOT have standard organelles
Do viruses have the genetic capability to multiply by division
no.
need a host because they cant make energy proteins alone.
obligate intracellular parasites
capsid + nucleic acid
nucleocapsid
protein shell of a virus that encases the viral nucleic acid genome
capsid
what is a capsid composed of
capsomeres held by non covalent bonds
naked virus vs enveloped virus
naked = only capsid enveloped = lipid envelope
lipid envelope
in only some viruses, covers the capsid.
lipid bilayer derived from host cell
glycoprotein spikes on surface
ability of some viruses to alter their shape
pleomorphism
viral replication process
- attachment
- penetration
- uncoating
- synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
- assembly and maturation
- release in large numbers
the ability of a virus to cause a disease in a host
pathogenicity
manner/mechanism of development of a disease
pathogenesis
quantitative or relative measure of the degree of pathogenicity of infecting virus
virulence
not virulent or harmful to the host
avirulent
T/F
virulence is not an absolute property of a virus
TRUE – it depends on many factors
virus in blood stream
viremia
primary viremia
initial entrance of virus into blood
either spread from subepithelium or injected by a mosquito or needle
secondary viremia
virus replicates in major organs and re-enters the blood stream
oncovirus
cancer causing
viral shedding
crucial to maintain populations
acute infection – viral shedding
intensive shedding over a short time period
persistent infection – viral shedding
sheds low titer for months to years
viral infection of the fetus
teratogenic – developmental defects in embryo or fetus after in-utero infection
only eradicated animal disease
rinderpest
involves complete elimination of the pathogen or disease causing agent from a defined geographic region
eradication
a term appropriate for when the disease is already present and pertains to the containment of it
control
primary level of prevention
avoid occurrence of the disease
aimed at maintaining a healthy population by measures to avoid the disease by eliminating the pathogen or increasing resistance to it
2 types of primary prevention
- health promotion
2. specific protection
health promotion
more generalized... education, training, and awareness good hygiene nutrition epigenesis
specific protection
immunization seroprophylaxis chemoprophylaxis supplement nutrients protection against occupational hazards
secondary level of prevention
if primary failed, minimize the damage of the disease
relies on early diagnosis, prompt treatment, control and quarantine
intervention at an individual level
tertiary level of prevention
both primary and secondary have failed :(
consists of rehabilitation and elimination of long term impairment
external farm biosecurity
prevent it from entering or leaving the farm
internal farm biosecurity
to combat the spread on the farm
purchasing policy
closed herd system, know where your animals come from, quarantine, vaccinate, limit numbers of new animals brought in
biosecurity measures
wash your hands, minimize visitors, clean clothes, clean water, be smart, disinfect, clean houses, clean trucks, keep critters away, monitor the animals health and dispose of dead properly
basically be clean and dont be dumb
renders a device or surface safe to handle
decontamination
eliminates all forms of microbial life/pathogens including highly resistance bacterial spores
all or nothing process
Sterilization
eliminates all pathogens/microbes except bacteria with spores on a surface
disinfection – less effective than sterilization
application of a liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms
antisepsis
invasion but not multiplication
infestation
transmissible vie direct or air-borne routes
contagious
disease caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, indirect, air-borne, or surface routes
communicable
T/F
all sick animals are reservoirs
FALSE
congenital transmission
some pathogens can cross the placenta or infect eggs
vertical transmission
from reservoir host to offspring
- congenital
- perinatal
perinatal transmission
during parturition / colostrum
Horizontal transmission
from reservoir to new host
- direct
- indirect
indirect transmission
vehicle = inanimate object vector = like mosquito or tick
object that can be contaminated and transmit on a limited scale
fomites
mechanical vector
does not multiply or undergo part of its life cycle in the or on the arthropod
biological vector
the agent undergoes changes or multiplies while in the vector
required for transmission
previously unknown disease that suddenly appears in a population
emerging disease
known disease that was previously on the decline but is now becoming more common
re-emerging disease
Taenia Solium agent
parasite
giardia agent
parasite
rabies agent
viral
hantavirus agent
viral
anthrax agent
bacterial
brucellosis agent
bacterial
borreliosis agent
vector borne
west nile agent
vector borne
taenia solium methods of transmission to humans
Pigs eat the eggs and the humans eat the pigs
giardia methods of transmission to humans
consuming cyst
most commonly in water or surface contamination of food
rabies methods of transmission to humans
virus enters tissue from saliva of an infected animal biting them
hantavirus methods of transmission to humans
rodents are the reservoir and transmission primarily is aerosol (inhaled from urine or feces)
secondary = through a bite
anthrax methods of transmission to humans
Herbivores ingest spores in soil while grazing, carnivores eat infected herbivores and all species can inhale spores in aerosolized soil or other contaminated fomites, veterinarians aeorosol or percutaneous exposure to blood from infected animal
Brucellosis methods of transmission to humans
Ingestion, mucous membrane exposure or percutaneous inoculation
borreliosis methods of transmission to humans
ticks
west nile transmission to humans
Primary: Mosquito-bird-mosquito cycle
Secondary: blood borne, lab, milk
control and prevention of Taenia Solium
Target vehicle: meat inspection, proper cooking of pork, and proper handling of raw pork
Hygiene, sewage management, treat people with tapeworms
control and prevention of giardia
Water treatment, sewage treatment, prevent contamination of irrigation water, wash or peel veggies and fruits
control and prevention of rabies
Vaccination of domestic animals, wildlife and control feral animal populations
Post exposure procedures, vaccinate at risk individuals, educate to reduce exposure
control and prevention of hantavirus
Reduce human exposure by wearing face masks and gloves when appropriate
control and prevention of anthrax
Burn infected carcasses or bury in quick lime, inform health officials, evaluate exposed people for post exposure prophylaxis, advise people exposed to spores to wash hands with soap and water, then iodine solution immersion
control and prevention of brucellosis
Eliminate animal reservoir, swine also monitored usually abattoir based, reduce public exposure through pasteurization of milk and milk used to make soft cheeses
control and prevention of borreliosis
Avoid direct contact with ticks, apply tick repellants, remove ticks from your body, pets and clothes
porcine cysticercosis
one of the life cycles of taenia solium
pigs eats the cyst – goes into pigs muscle
human taeniasis
one of the life cycles of taenia solium
humans eat the cyst in the pork and the adult tapeworm grows in the GI tract (not much pathology)
human cysticercosis
one of the life cycles of taenia solium
humans eat the eggs and the cyst will travel to the brain
CALLED: neurocysticercosis
neurocysticercosis modes of transmission
can be self-infected, fecal, tapeworm, or in food
neurocysticercosis
larvae of taenia solium encysts the brain
leading cause of epilepsy in developing countries
can also cause seizures and blindness
50-80% go untreated
albendazole and praziquantel can control 80-90% of the cases
taenia soilum primary reservoir
people
taenia solium secondary reservoir
piggys
causes chronic diarrhea in people
giardia
rabies etiology
ssRNA virus – lyssavirus
does st kitts have rabies?
nope
Caribbean islands with Mongoose Rabies (4)
Puerto Rico
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Caribbean islands with bat Rabies (3)
Trinidad
Cuba
Grenada
disease with highest fatality and is oldest described
rabies
acute, progressive enchephalomyelitis
rabies
bunyaviridae
hantavirus
enveloped ssRNA virus
Clinical signs of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
from hantavirus "new world" fever/chills/migraines HIGH vascular permeability in the lungs 40% fatality
Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome
clinical from hantavirus "old world" petechial hemorrhage and renal damage Cardiovascular shock 15% fatality
spore forming bacterium that can survive in the soil for years
anthrax
most pathogenic form of brucellosis in people
brucella melitensis
in mediterranean and intensive goat farming areas
worldwide form of brucellosis (except eradicated areas) mainly in cattle
Brucella Abortus
common name for Borrelia Burgdorferi
Lyme disease
are deer a reservoir for lyme disease
no
West nile virus type
flavavirus
If you handle a dead bird who had west nile will you contract the virus
No evidence can support this
clinical signs of west nile in ponies
neurological issues like ataxia – weak and dead
St. Louis Encephalitis
mosquito borne flavavirus in birds
Powassan
tick-borne rodent cycle flavavirus
not effective if not shedding the pathogen or if the disease is in the incubation phase
isolation
lowers contact and relies on the sensitivity of Diagnostic Tool
-facilitates treatment
isolation
a way to reduce contact potential that is not effective if disease involves chronically infected healthy shedders
quarantine
a way to reduce contact potential for those who have already been exposed and is enforced for incubation period
quarantine
3 methods of reservoir neutralization
- remove and slaughter infected
- mass therapy – treat all potentially infected
- manipulate the environment – vector control and disinfect vehicles
mass therapy
local use – treat all potentially infected without testing
MUST eliminate infection in carriers and not just cure clinically
RISKS – resistant strains or adverse effects
3 methods of vector control
- source reduction
- biological – predatory fish
- chemical – insecticides
features of a good vaccine
safe, effective, low side effects long lasting protection stable shelf life and low cost easy to administer benefits > risks
vaccines used to protect susceptible individuals or prevent transmission by creating an immune population
immunization
Use of antimicrobial drugs to increase host resistance
chemoprophylaxis – attempts to prevent infection and reduce severity
down sides of chemoprophylaxis
- only lasts as long as the drug does
- adverse drug reactions could occur
- some pathogens may be resistant
4 W’s of immunization
- WHERE – area with endemics
- WHEN – during disease season or outbreaks
- WHO – populations at risk
- WHY – the loss by the disease must be greater than the cost of the immunization
a form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides a measure of protection for the small number of individuals who have not developed immunity
Herd Immunity
have unique resources to handle highly infectious agents and the ability to identify specific agent strains
National labs
ensure timely local response in the event of a threat incident
Reference labs
diagnostic capability that is hospital-based, front line, direct contact with the patients
Sentinel labs
WHAID
surveillance network
World Health Animal Information Database
6 globally important zoonotic diseases
- rabies
- leishmaniasis
- brucellosis
- leptospirosis
- echinococcosis
In the US do more people have kids or pets?
pets because children suck
T/F
bites, kicks, and scratches are forms of zoonosis
FALSO
people to people disease / human reservoir
anthroponoses
extracellular sites of infection
interstitial spaces, blood, lymph
epithelial surfaces
extracellular protective immunity
antibodies, complement and phagocytosis
IgA antibodies
is adaptive or innate quicker
innate, but they still work together
what kills helminths
eosinophils
intracellular sites of infection/protection
cytoplasmic – cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
vesicular – activated macrophages
Cell mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell actively lyses a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antigens
Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
examples of ADCC cells
NK cells
macrophages
neutrophils
eosinophils
what is the best APC to activate naive T cells and also serves as a critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses
conventional dendritic cells
antigen presenting cells
MUST be MHC II POSITIVE
include macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells
steps of phagocytosis
engulfed phagosome lysosome joins phagolysosome degrades peptide onto MHC II the degraded material is exocytosed and MHC II presents its peptide fragment onto the cell surface
cells that are MHC I restricted
CD8 T cells
cytotoxic T cells
cells that are MHC II restricted
CD4 T cells – divided into CD4 plus TH1 or TH2 helper T cells
antigen processed in endosomes
exogenous antigen
endogenous antigen
an intracellular pathogen that is synthesized in the cytosol and processed in cytosolic pathway
T/F
macrophages have both MHC I and MHC II
TRUE
T/F
Red Blood Cells have MHC I
FALSE
– MHC I is only on nucleated cells and RBC are NOT nucleated
MHC class that is on ALL nucleated cells and APCS, has T cell mediated toxicity
MHC 1
MHC class the is ONLY on APCS, and uses helper T cells
MHC II
MHC class with CD4 + control
MHC II
MHC class with CD8 + control
MHC I
immunity that is mediated by antigen-activated T-cells and the cytokines that they secrete
cell mediated immunity (part of adaptive)
recognize antigens on MHC
T cell receptors
recognize native antigens without the MHC and can also recognize antibodies
B Cell receptors
adaptive immunity branches
humoral and cell mediated
primary effect of interferons
antiviral
how do natural killer cells detect virally infected cells
detect missing MHC
what reaction initiates the classical complement pathway
C reactive protein binding Ab on microbe
function of C3 convertase
to cleave C3 to C3a and C3b
list the outcomes of complement
- cell lysis
- clearance of Ag-Ab complexes
- opsonization
- inflammation
What 3 immune cells have paratopes
- B cell receptors
- T cell receptors
- antibodies
T/F
epitopes are present on host cells and paratopes are present on antigens
FALSE
what adaptive immune cells bind unprocessed antigen
B cells
cells involved in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction
macrophages and type 1 T helper cells
where is the adaptive immune system activated
the lymph nodes
where is the innate immune system activated
the peripheral tissues
what type of vaccine induces the strongest immune response
live attenuated vaccine
a virus that enters the CNS from a peripheral site but does not cause damage
neurotropic
pantropic viruses can affect with organs
lungs, muscles, gastrointestinal tract
T/F
secondary prevention aims to halt the progress of the disease at its early stages
TRUE
sequence for putting on PPE
- gown
- mask
- eyewear
- gloves
sequence to remove PPE
- gloves
- eyewear
- gown
- mask
time in which the microbe is replicating but is not high enough in concentration for the host to be infectious
latent period
primary vs secondary humoral immune response
secondary has a shorter lag phase, a greater magnitude, and antibody class switch from IgA to IgG
induce specific adaptive immune response and react specifically with products of the response
antigens
determine Ag specificity
epitopes
on an antibody, binds to antigen/binds epitopes
paratope
serology
detection of viral antigen or host antibody against a virus
antiviral drugs
interfere with infiltration and replication
viral treatment using interferons
immune system stimulation
Lethal Dose
a way to measure virulence
LD50 – dose required to cause death in 50% animals
activation of classical pathway
c1 binding to C reactive protein on pathogen surface
OR
binding of Ab-Ag complex
5 initial complement components of classical pathway
c1r c1q c1s c4 c2
lectin pathway activator
mannin binding lectin (MBL)
OR
MBL associated serine protease 2
initial components of lectin pathway
C4 and C2
alternative pathway activator
contact of microbial cell wall with C3
alternative pathway initial components
C3,
factor B
Factor D
properdin
generates immunological memory
adaptive immunity
MHC stands for what
Major Histocompatibility complex
classical pathway C3 convertase
C4bC2b
lectin pathway C3 convertase
C4bC2b
classical pathway C5 convertase
C4bC2bC3b
lectin pathway C5 convertase
C4bC2bC3b
alternative pathway C3 convertase
C3bBb
alternative pathway C5 convertase
C3bBbC3b
what does C3 convertase do
cleaves to create C3b and C3a
immunoglobulin papain
had Fab and Fc fragments
immunoglobulin pepsin
has Fab’ and Fc fragments
Terminal Pathway
There is a Membrane Attach Complex (MAC) formed onto the surface of the pathogen cell
This causes membrane lesions and the cell breaks apart
which complement factors cause the inflammatory response and what is another name for them?
C3a and C5a – chemoattractants
what are the results of inflammatory activation by chemoattractants
- smooth muscle contraction
- mast cell degranulation
- vasodilation and local edema
- neutrophil activation
Are natural barriers and normal flora innate or adaptive?
INNATE
MHC I restricted
NEEDS MHC I to work
CD8 T cells
MHC II restricted
Needs MHC II to work
CD4 T cells
