Section 3 Course break down Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Question: What are the three types of blood vessels?

Answer 1

Answer: Arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Question 2

Question: Describe the structural differences between an artery, vein, and capillary.

Answer 2

Answer: Arteries have thick walls and carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Veins have thinner walls and carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries are tiny vessels where exchange of nutrients and waste occurs.

Question 3

Question: What are the main components of an artery, vein, and capillary?

Answer 3

Answer: Arteries have thick walls with elastic and muscular tissue. Veins have thinner walls with valves to prevent backflow. Capillaries have single-layered endothelium.

Question 4

Question: What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 4

Answer: Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and lungs for oxygenation.

Question 5

Question: What is systemic circulation?

Answer 5

Answer: Systemic circulation is the movement of oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Question 6

Question: Can you name the major arteries in the face and head?

Answer 6

Answer: Major arteries include the carotid arteries, temporal arteries, and facial arteries.

Question 7

Question: How do you trace the flow of blood through the heart and circulatory system?

Answer 7

Answer: Blood flows from the heart to arteries, then to arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, and back to the heart.

Question 8

Question: What are some ways to overcome obstacles in embalming related to arterial distribution?

Answer 8

Answer: Careful massage, adjustment of pressure, and choosing alternate injection points can help overcome distribution obstacles.

Question 8

Question: What practical challenges might you encounter in distributing arterial solution during embalming?

Answer 8

Answer: Factors like blockages, constrictions, or damaged vessels can hinder the distribution of arterial solution.

Question 9

Question: Define Anatomy and Physiology and describe their relationship.

Answer 9

Answer: Anatomy is the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Physiology is the study of how these structures function. They are closely related as structure dictates function.

Question 10

Question: What are the six levels of organization in the human body?

Answer 10

Answer: The levels are chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal levels.

Question 11

Question: Define metabolism and homeostasis.

Answer 11

Answer: Metabolism refers to the chemical processes in the body that generate energy. Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Question 11

Question: List the major systems of the human body and briefly describe their components and functions.

Answer 11

Answer: Systems include the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, reproductive, integumentary, lymphatic, and urinary systems.

Question 12

Question: List and explain the six pairs of directional terms.

Answer 12

Answer: Directional terms include superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep, and dorsal/ventral.

Question 13

Question: Describe the anatomical position.

Answer 13

Answer: The anatomical position is the body standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

Question 14

Question: Name the body cavities and list the organs they contain.

Answer 14

Answer: Body cavities include the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, containing organs like the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, and reproductive organs.

Question 15

Question: List, identify, and describe the three imaginary planes of the body.

Answer 15

Answer: The planes are sagittal (divides body into left and right), frontal (divides body into front and back), and transverse (divides body into top and bottom).

Question 16

Question: List and describe terms used to describe specific body areas.

Answer 16

Answer: Terms include cranial, cephalic, cervical, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, brachial, antebrachial, carpal, digital, femoral, and crural.

Question 17

Question: What are the characteristics of the muscular system?

Answer 17

Answer: Contractility, extensibility, elasticity, and excitability.

Question 18

Question: What are the functions of the muscular system?

Answer 18

Answer: Movement, posture maintenance, heat production, and protection.

Question 19

Question: Name the three types of muscle tissue.

Answer 19

Answer: Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Question 20

Question: Describe skeletal muscle.

Answer 20

Answer: Multinucleated, striated, and voluntary.

Question 21

Question: Explain smooth muscle.

Answer 21

Answer: Spindle-shaped, non-striated, and involuntary.

Question 22

Question: What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

Answer 22

Answer: Striated, branched, and involuntary.

Question 23

Question: Can you name some major muscles in the human body?

Answer 23

Answer: Biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major, deltoid, quadriceps femoris, etc.

Question 24

Question: Name some major veins of the human body.

Answer 24

Answer: Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, internal jugular vein, femoral vein, etc.

Question 25

Question: What is the hepatic portal system?

Answer 25

Answer: A network of veins carrying blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

Question 26

Question: List some major veins draining blood from organs.

Answer 26

Answer: Hepatic veins (from liver), renal veins (from kidneys), mesenteric veins (from intestines), etc.

Question 27

Question: Describe the path of blood drainage through the venous system.

Answer 27

Answer: Blood flows from organs into smaller veins, then into larger veins, and ultimately back to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cavae.

Question 28

Question: How many muscles are found in the human body?

Answer 28

Answer: More than 600.

Question 28

Question: Which type of connective tissue attaches muscle to bone?

Answer 28

Answer: Tendon.

Question 29

Question: Which type of connective tissue attaches bone to bone?

Answer 29

Answer: Ligament.

Question 30

Question: Which muscle is located in the lower back region?

Answer 30

Answer: Latissimus dorsi.

Question 31

Question: Which muscle is located in the posterior portion of the thigh, superior to the knee?

Answer 31

Answer: Hamstrings.

Question 32

Question: An embalmer makes a cervical incision and locates the right common carotid artery. Where is the artery located?

Answer 32

Answer: On the lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Question 33

Question: What are the four major functions of muscle contraction?

Answer 33

Answer: Movement, posture maintenance, joint stability, and heat production.

Question 34

Question: List the three types of muscle tissue and describe their locations and voluntary control.

Answer 34

Answer:

Skeletal Muscle: Found throughout the body, attached to bones, and under voluntary control.
Smooth Muscle: Located in hollow viscera (e.g., stomach, intestines), blood vessels, and involuntary.
Cardiac Muscle: Present only in the heart, involuntary.

Question 35

Question: What type of muscle tissue is found as part of the wall of arteries and veins?

Answer 35

Answer: Smooth muscle tissue.

Question 36

Question: What type of muscle tissue is known as visceral muscle tissue?

Answer 36

Answer: Smooth muscle tissue.

Question 37

Question: Match the muscle function to its definition:

Answer 37

Answer:

Elasticity: The capacity of muscle to recoil or return to its original shape and length after contraction.
Contractility: The ability of a muscle to shorten or contract.
Extensibility: The ability of a muscle to stretch or extend.
Excitability: The ability of a muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus.

Question 38

Question: True or False: The abductor longus is known to be the longest muscle in the human body.

Answer 38

Answer: False. The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle.

Question 39

Question: An embalmer makes a cervical incision and locates and raises the right common carotid artery. Which statement is correct?

Answer 39

Answer: The artery is located on the medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Question 40

Question: An embalmer makes an incision to raise a vessel and identifies the brachioradialis muscle. Which artery is the embalmer attempting to raise?

Answer 40

Answer: Radial artery.

Question 41

Question: What is the term given to the system of vessels found at the base of the brain that functions in branching off into different vessels that supply blood to the brain?

Answer 41

Answer: Circle of Willis.

Question 42

Question: What are the three (3) branches of the celiac artery?

Answer 42

Answer: Hepatic artery, left gastric artery, splenic artery.

Question 43

Question: Which organs receive blood from the celiac artery?

Answer 43

Answer: Stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas.

Question 44

Question: Which vessel does NOT branch directly off of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 44

Answer: Hepatic artery.

Question 45

Question: Which two (2) vessels join to form the superior vena cava?

Answer 45

Answer: Right subclavian vein and the left brachiocephalic vein.

Question 46

Question: Which vessel is the middle branch of the superior portion of the arch of the aorta?

Answer 46

Answer: Brachiocephalic artery.