Course break down Term 1

Question 1

Question: Define anatomy and physiology and describe their relationship to one another.

Answer 1

Answer: Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of body parts, while physiology focuses on the functions of those body parts. Anatomy provides the structural framework upon which physiology operates.

Question 2

Question: List the six levels of organization in the human body.

Answer 2

Answer: The six levels of organization in the human body are:

Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organismal level

Question 3

Question: List the major systems and briefly describe the components and their functions.

Answer 3

Answer: The major systems of the human body include:

Skeletal System: Provides support, protection, and movement.
Muscular System: Allows movement and generates heat.
Circulatory System: Transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment.
Digestive System: Processes food and absorbs nutrients.
Nervous System: Controls body functions and responds to internal and external stimuli.
Endocrine System: Produces hormones that regulate body functions.
Reproductive System: Produces offspring.
Integumentary System: Protects the body from damage and infection.

Question 4

Question: Define metabolism and homeostasis.

Answer 4

Answer: Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body to maintain life. Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Question 5

Question: Describe the anatomical position.

Answer 5

Answer: The anatomical position is the standard reference posture for the human body, characterized by standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet flat on the ground.

Question 6

Question: List, explain, and identify the six pairs of directional terms.

Answer 6

Answer:

Superior/Inferior
Anterior/Posterior
Medial/Lateral
Proximal/Distal
Superficial/Deep
Ipsilateral/Contralateral

Question 7

Question: Name the body cavities and list the organs they contain.

Answer 7

Answer: The body cavities include the cranial cavity (brain), thoracic cavity (heart, lungs), abdominal cavity (stomach, liver, intestines), pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs), and spinal cavity (spinal cord).

Question 8

Question: List, identify, and describe the three imaginary planes of the body.

Answer 8

Answer:

Sagittal plane: Divides the body into left and right portions.
Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Question 9

Question: List and describe the terms used to describe specific body areas.

Answer 9

Answer: Terms include anterior (front), posterior (back), dorsal (back), ventral (belly), cephalic (head), and caudal (tail).

Question 10

Question: Label a diagram of the eukaryotic cell.

Answer 10

Answer: The eukaryotic cell includes the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes.

Question 11

Question: List the basic structures and their locations in the eukaryotic cell.

Answer 11

Answer: Basic structures include the nucleus (center), cytoplasm (within the cell membrane), endoplasmic reticulum (network throughout the cell), Golgi apparatus (near the nucleus), mitochondria (scattered throughout the cell), and lysosomes (in the cytoplasm).

Question 12

Question: Explain the functions of various cell structures.

Answer 12

Answer: Functions include:

Nucleus: Contains genetic material.
Mitochondria: Produces energy.
Endoplasmic reticulum: Synthesizes proteins and lipids.
Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
Lysosomes: Digests waste materials.
Cell membrane: Regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 13

Question: Define diffusion, osmosis, and other terms related to the movement of substances across a cell membrane.

Answer 13

Answer: Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. Other terms include active transport and passive transport.

Question 14

Question: Define mitosis and meiosis and explain the difference between the two types of cell reproduction.

Answer 14

Answer: Mitosis is cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis is cell division resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes. Mitosis is involved in growth and repair, while meiosis is involved in sexual reproduction.

Question 15

Question: Practice your use of anatomical terms when embalming.

Answer 15

Answer: Embalmers should use anatomical terms accurately to communicate effectively and maintain professionalism in the embalming room.

Question 16

Question: List the four basic types of tissues.

Answer 16

Answer: The four basic types of tissues are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

Question 17

Question: List and describe the various types of epithelial tissue in the body.

Answer 17

Answer: Types of epithelial tissue include simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional epithelium.

Question 18

Question: List the functions and locations in the body of the various types of epithelial tissue.

Answer 18

Answer: Functions and locations vary depending on the type of epithelial tissue but generally include protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation. Locations include the skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.

Question 19

Question: List and describe the various types of connective tissue in the body.

Answer 19

Answer: Types of connective tissue include loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph.

Question 20

Question: List the functions and locations of the various types of connective tissue.

Answer 20

Answer: Connective tissue functions include providing support, protection, insulation, transportation, and storage. Locations include throughout the body, such as tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, and organs.

Question 21

Question: List and describe the three types of muscle tissue and their location in the body.

Answer 21

Answer: Types of muscle tissue include skeletal muscle (voluntary, striated), smooth muscle (involuntary, non-striated), and cardiac muscle (involuntary, striated). Skeletal muscle is attached to bones, smooth muscle lines internal organs, and cardiac muscle is found in the heart.

Question 22

Question: Describe the function of nervous tissue.

Answer 22

Answer: Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals throughout the body, allowing for communication and coordination of bodily functions. It forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Question 22

Question: List and describe the four different types of body membranes.

Answer 22

Answer: The four types of body membranes are mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes (skin), and synovial membranes.

Question 23

Question: Describe the functions of all the various body membranes in the body and their function.

Answer 23

Answer: Body membranes serve various functions including protection, secretion, absorption, and lubrication. Mucous membranes line cavities exposed to the external environment, serous membranes line internal body cavities, cutaneous membranes protect the body from external environment, and synovial membranes line joint cavities.

Question 24

Question: List and describe the four functions of the skin.

Answer 24

Answer: The functions of the skin include protection, sensation, regulation of body temperature, and vitamin D synthesis.

Question 25

Question: List and describe the four accessory structures of the skin.

Answer 25

Answer: Accessory structures of the skin include hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, which serve various functions including protection, temperature regulation, and sensation.

Question 26

Question: Learn the structure and function of the two main layers of the skin: the epidermis and the dermis.

Answer 26

Answer: The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, composed of epithelial tissue, while the dermis is the deeper layer composed of connective tissue. The epidermis provides waterproofing and protection, while the dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, and accessory structures.

Question 27

Question: List and describe the functions of the skeletal system.

Answer 27

Answer: The functions of the skeletal system include providing support, protection of internal organs, movement facilitation, mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus), blood cell production (hematopoiesis), and fat storage.

Question 28

Question: Label a diagram of the skeletal system.

Answer 28

Answer: The diagram should include bones such as the skull, clavicle, scapula, humerus, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, and bones of the hands and feet.

Question 29

Question: Label a diagram of the major bones of the skull.

Answer 29

Answer: The diagram should include bones such as the frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone.

Question 30

Question: Label a diagram of the vertebral column.

Answer 30

Answer: The diagram should include cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx.

Question 31

Question: List the four classifications of bone.

Answer 31

Answer: The four classifications of bone are long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

Question 32

Question: Give examples of long, short, flat, and irregular bones.

Answer 32

Answer: Examples of long bones include the femur and humerus, short bones include the carpals and tarsals, flat bones include the sternum and scapulae, and irregular bones include the vertebrae and facial bones.

Question 33

Question: Describe the general features of a long bone.

Answer 33

Answer: Long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), two ends (epiphyses), a medullary cavity filled with bone marrow, compact bone on the exterior, and spongy bone on the interior.

Question 34

Question: Define hematopoiesis and osteogenesis.

Answer 34

Answer: Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation that occurs in the red bone marrow. Osteogenesis refers to the formation of bone tissue.

Question 35

Question: Describe and identify the bones that make up the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

Answer 35

Answer: The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle.

Question 36

Question: List the three basic functions of the blood.

Answer 36

Answer: The three basic functions of blood are transportation, regulation, and protection.

Question 37

Question: List three specific activities of the blood that function in transportation.

Answer 37

Answer: Transportation activities of blood include carrying oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; transporting waste products away from cells; and distributing heat throughout the body.

Question 38

Question: List three specific activities of the blood that function in regulation.

Answer 38

Answer: Regulatory activities of blood include maintaining pH balance, regulating body temperature, and controlling water content of cells.

Question 39

Question: List three specific activities of the blood that function in protection.

Answer 39

Answer: Protective activities of blood include clotting to prevent excessive blood loss, defending against pathogens through immune responses, and carrying antibodies to fight infection.

Question 40

Question: List and describe the two main components of the blood.

Answer 40

Answer: The two main components of blood are plasma (liquid portion) and formed elements (cellular components).

Question 41

Question: List the main components of the formed elements of the blood and their functions.

Answer 41

Answer: Formed elements include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Their functions include oxygen transport, immune defense, and blood clotting.

Question 42

Question: Describe various characteristics of the blood.

Answer 42

Answer: Characteristics of blood include its red color due to hemoglobin, its slightly alkaline pH of about 7.35 to 7.45, and its temperature of approximately 38 degrees Celsius.

Question 43

Question: Label a diagram of the structures of the heart.

Answer 43

Answer: The diagram should include the atria, ventricles, valves (tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, and aortic), and major blood vessels (vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, aorta).

Question 44

Question: List and describe the function of the four heart chambers.

Answer 44

Answer: The four heart chambers include the right atrium (receives deoxygenated blood from the body), right ventricle (pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs), left atrium (receives oxygenated blood from the lungs), and left ventricle (pumps oxygenated blood to the body).

Question 45

Question: List and describe the locations of the four heart valves.

Answer 45

Answer: Heart valves include the tricuspid valve (between right atrium and right ventricle), mitral valve (between left atrium and left ventricle), pulmonary valve (between right ventricle and pulmonary artery), and aortic valve (between left ventricle and aorta).

Question 46

Answer: Heart valves include the tricuspid valve (between right atrium and right ventricle), mitral valve (between left atrium and left ventricle), pulmonary valve (between right ventricle and pulmonary artery), and aortic valve (between left ventricle and aorta).

Answer 46

Answer: Superior and inferior vena cavae -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs (oxygenation) -> pulmonary veins

Question 47

Question: How can you practice your knowledge of bones during embalming?

Answer 47

Answer: By identifying bones and describing their locations in the human body.

Question 48

Question: What is the role of the heart and the arch of the aorta during an embalming procedure?

Answer 48

Answer: The heart pumps the arterial solution throughout the body, while the arch of the aorta is a crucial point of injection, facilitating the distribution of embalming fluid to various parts of the body.