Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Endocrine system
Function of the Endocrine System
Function: Regulates bodily functions through the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream.
Eight Major Endocrine Glands
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands (four)
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands (two)
Pancreas
Gonads (ovaries in females, testes in males)
Chemical Nature of Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, which travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs to regulate physiological processes.
Control of Hormones
Hormone secretion is controlled by feedback mechanisms involving the nervous system and other endocrine glands. Negative feedback loops help maintain hormone levels within a narrow range.
Endocrine Glands on Diagram
(Include labeled diagram of the human body showing the location of endocrine glands)
Location of Endocrine Glands
Each endocrine gland is located in specific regions of the body, such as the brain, neck, abdomen, and pelvis.
Conditions and Diseases of the Endocrine System
Examples include diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease, and Cushing’s syndrome.
Definition of Prostaglandin
Prostaglandins are lipid compounds derived from fatty acids, playing roles in inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, and blood clotting.
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, and facilitate immune responses.
Components of the Lymphatic System
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils), lymphatic tissue (in bone marrow and the lymphatic nodules of various organs).
Structure and Function of Lymph
Lymph is a clear fluid containing white blood cells, proteins, and fats, which circulates through the lymphatic vessels and transports immune cells and cellular debris.
Path of Lymph Circulation
Lymph circulates from tissue spaces into lymphatic capillaries, through lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, and finally empties into the venous system via the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct.
Lymphatic Organs
Spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes.
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Drain excess interstitial fluid
Transport dietary lipids
Facilitate immune responses
Components of the Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic organs
