Section 2 - Energy Feedstuffs Flashcards
What are the 4 productive uses of energy in beef cattle?
1) maintenance
2) growth
3) Gestation
4) Lactation
Energy for “maintenance” is impacted by:
-body weight
-age
-stage of production
-environment
Energy for “growth” is impacted by:
-Body weight
-genetic potential
-target ADG, DMI, and/or feed efficiency
Energy for “gestation” is impacted by:
- energy used for production for fetus, placenta, uterus, and mammary tissue
-energy used for the formation of maternal lipid and protein tissues
Energy for “lactation” is impacted by:
-energy used for milk production
-addition energy reserves used from protein and lipid tissue catabolism.
What falls under the “grain” category for feedstuff added for energy?
-corn
-sorghum (milo)
-wheat
-oats
-barley
In what form do plants store energy?
Starch
Where do plants store their starch?
In fruit seeds or leaves/stalk
How digestible are plant seeds?
highly
How digestible are plant leaves/stalks?
Poor
What is the primary source of energy in animal feed?
Grains
What is the gold standard of energy sources in the U.S.?
Corn
What are some nutrients facts of grains?
-abundant energy
-low fiber
-low crude protein
-low protein quality
-Low calcium
What is “caryopsis”?
One-seeded fruit (cereal grain)
What is the composition of a corn kernel?
-Germ 11% (center holds all fat)
-Endosperm 83% ( top of kernel used for flour)
-Bran/pericarp/seed coat 6% (outside of kernel hold fiber fraction)
-Hull or husk
- tip cap
What are some nutrients facts about corn?
-high starch
-low fiber
-low protein (should supplement with additives)
- poor AA
-low in lysine
-prone to mycotoxins
What are the pros and cons of Grain Sorghum (Milo)?
Pros:
- require less than water than corn so good for dry seasons.
-fewer mycotoxin issues than corn
Cons:
-contained bitter tannins
-not as digestible as corn
-more expensive
What are the pros and cons of wheat?
Pros:
- greater lysine and phosphorus content than corn
-widely grown in US
Cons:
-too expensive to feed d/t human consumption
-Bugs like to burrow and eat it
What are pros and cons of corn?
Pros:
-greater fiber than corn
-more protein than most grains
-high pre-fecal starch digestibility
Cons:
-less energy than corn
What grain is mostly used for horses?
Oats.
Because of high pre-fecal starch digestibility, safer.
What are oat groats?
Oats with the hull removed (mainly used for humans).
-good for non-ruminant
-cost-prohibitive
Which grain is highly used in show lamb diets?
Barley
What are some nutrient facts about barley?
-more fiber and less energy than corn
-limited use in swine d/t high fuber
-expensive d/t use in beer
What are some sources of fats and oils?
-beef tallow
-choice white grease (pork)
-yellow grease (poultry)
-animal-vegetable blend
-used cooking oil
-soy oil
-corn oil
What are properties of fats and oil?
-insoluble in water
-saturated or unsaturated
-long or short chain
What are functions of fats and oil?
-Energy storage (2,25x CHO)
-insulation
-protection
What level of unsaturated fat does “tallow” have? And what animals is it used in?
Low.
Cattle, dog, cat diets.
What level of unsaturated fat is “choice white grease”? And what animals is it used for?
Moderate.
Swine diets
What level of unsaturated fat is “yellow grease”? And what animals is it used for?
High.
Poultry diets.
What level of unsaturated fat is “vegetable fats”? And what animals is it used for?
High.
Poultry and horse diets
How much fat and oil is commonly added to feed to reduce dust?
1%
How much of fat and oil is added based on cost of energy?
5%
What are some examples of grain co-products?
-screenings
-corn co-products
-wheat co-products
What is screening?
Product removed when grain is cleaned by screening prior to storage.
Often contains broken kernels, stalks, leaves, foreign material.
What are 2 corn by-products?
Wet milling and dry milling
