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Principles Of Feeding (ASI 220) > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the big 5 pet food companies?

A

Mars, nestle purina, smucker, hills, and diamond

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2
Q

What are the 5 market driving factors?

A

1) number of pets
2) size/breed of the pet
3) health
4) status
5) consumer beliefs

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3
Q

Why is size important?

A

Living
Income
Preference

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4
Q

Implications of size?

A

Cost
Health
Length of life

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5
Q

Generic structure of pet food industry

A

Juvenile
Adult
Senior
All life stages

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6
Q

Speciality structure of pet food industry

A

Weight control
Urinary health
Dental health
Odor control
Joint health
Dermatitis

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7
Q

Distinguishing features of pet foods

A

-science (formulated with nutrients)
-humanization (formulated with ingredients)
-economical (formulated as least cost)

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8
Q

Current pet food trends

A

-animal protein sources -ancestral diet
- low carbs
-novel carbs (anti corn and wheat)
-whole ingredients (anti by-products)
-humanization

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9
Q

Common animal protein ingredients

A

-meat (chicken, lamb, beef, salmon, tuna)
-novel meat = new or rare ingredients to pets (duck, bison, rabbit)
-meals
-egg
-meat byproducts
-whey

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10
Q

What’s chicken Meal vs chicken byproduct meal

A

Chicken meal: rendered product from a combination of clean flesh and skin with and without accompanying bone, derived from whole carcasses or chicken thereof

Chicken byproduct meal: ground, rendered, clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered chicken, such as necks, feet, undeveloped eggs and intestines.
Byproducts include lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys

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11
Q

Plant protein ingredients

A

Poorer EAA content (requires supplement with AA or animal protein)
-common: soybean meal, corn gluten meal, soy protein isolate
-Novel: potato protein, rice protein, pea protein

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12
Q

Protein in economical vs. humanization brands

A

Economical brands: higher inclusion of plant based (SBM) balanced with a lower quality animal protein (meat and bone meal)

Humanization brands: minimize or fully exclude plant based proteins (based on owner bias)

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13
Q

Crude protein content in cat vs. dog dry food

A

Dry cat food: 30-45%
Dry dog food: 18-30%

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14
Q

What does taurine deficiency lead to in cats?

A

-abnormal heart function: cardiomyopathy
-retinal structure problem: blindness
-insufficient bile salt production
-reproductive failure

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15
Q

Which amino acid is essential in cats?

A

Taurine

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16
Q

Carbohydrates present in canned food vs. dry foods

A

Canned: <10%
Dry: 15-60%

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17
Q

Common carb. Ingredients

A

Corn
Wheat
Barley
Rice

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18
Q

Common novel carb. Ingredients

A

Potato
Cassava
Pea

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19
Q

Benefits of insoluble fiber

A

Healthy weight
Satiety
Energy distribution
Diabetes
Hairball

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20
Q

Benefit of solubility fiber

A

Gut health

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21
Q

Common fat ingredients

A

Vegetable oil
Tallow
Fish oil
Coconut oil
Omega 6 -skin and coat
Omega 3 -anti inflammatory

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22
Q

Most common vitamins in pet food

A

A and E

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23
Q

Benefits of vitamins

A

Acts as a antioxidant
Inhibits oxidation. Decreases free radicals
Mental and joint health
Eye health (vitamin A)

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24
Q

How to prevent ammonium phosphate crystals in urine?

A

These are commonly called struvite crystals
Found in young dogs and cats.
Diets may be avoided and Mg concentrations kept low to prevent struvite formation

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25
Q

How to prevent calcium oxalate crystals in urine?

A

Commonly called “oxalate crystals”
Found in older dogs and cats.
The diets pH is increased and Mg is increased to prevent oxalate crystal formation.

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26
Q

What are 3 difference between a companion animal vs. livestock food labels?

A

-moisture content
-caloric statement
-nutritional adequacy statement

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27
Q

What’s the difference between the terms “calculated” vs. “fed”?

A

-fed is more exact
-calculated values often underestimate the actual value.

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28
Q

What is the difference between “formulated” and “fed” diets?

A

Formulated- nutritionist simply formulates to the requirements set by AAFCO

Fed- nutrionist formulates to the AAFCO requirements then conducts a digestibility test and growth or maintenance study to verify efficacy.

29
Q

What are some sensory aspects regarding taste and texture for cats?

A

-prefer acidic foods
-weak interest in seeets
-fish and liver enhance palatability

-extremely sensitive to texture
-doesn’t like sticky foods
-prefer crunchy kibbles and firm wet food
-can develop strong preferences for mouth feel and surface to volume ratio of certain shapes of dry food

30
Q

What are some sensory aspects for dogs?

A

-respond to mono/disaccharide sugars.
-garlic and onion increase palatability
-doesn’t like sticky foods
-prefer firm wet food with low moisture
-fish will decrease palatability

31
Q

What is it called when we “instill human characteristics into non-human things”?

A

Anthropomorphism

32
Q

Why is chocolate toxic to dogs?

A

Because of the Methylxanthine inside. 20-60mg/kg is toxic.
Clinical signs develop 6-12 hours of digestion.
Sx: vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, tremors, seizures, tachy., cardiac arrhythmia, CNS dysfunction
Tx: hydrogen peroxide to induce vomiting

33
Q

Why are onions and garlic toxic to dogs and cats?

A

It oxidizes hemoglobin - forms clumps called “Heinz bodies”
Sx: anemia, lethargy, weakness

34
Q

Why are grapes toxic to cats and dogs?

A

Cause of toxicity is unknown.
Injured the renal tubular epithelium of kidneys.
Renal failure can develop 48-72 hours after digesting.

35
Q

Adverse effects of obesity

A

-diabetes
-reproductive problems
-structural damage to joints
-heart disease
-difficulty breathing, stamina
-over heating
-liver issues in dogs, kidneys in cats
-shortened lifespan

36
Q

What are 2 major groups of carbohydrates in animal rations?

A

1) non-structural carbs - sugars and starches
2) structural carbs - Fiber

37
Q

What are 2 major groups of lipids in animal rations?

A

1) saturated fatty acids - contains no double bonds
2) unsaturated fatty acids - contain at least one double bond

38
Q

What is a source of amino acids in animal rations?

A

Proteins

39
Q

What is the function of the incisors and molars in horses?

A

Incisors- selection and prehension
Molars - chewing and grinding; particles size reduction

40
Q

Horses digestive anatomy vs. ruminants

A

-complex hindgut (horse) vs. foregut (ruminant)
-require high quality forage
- unable to use microbial cell protein
- good fat digestion
-minimal methane production

41
Q

Common energy ingredients for horses

A

Oats
Corn
Barley
Wheat miss
Alfalfa meal
Beet pulp
Soy hulls
Soybean oil

42
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of high fat feeds/diets for horses?

A

Advantages:
-highly digestible energy source
-no risk of colic or laminitis
-improved performance (aerobic)

Disadvantages:
-reduced performance (anaerobic)
- reduced fiber utilization if fed at high levels

43
Q

What is the most common source of protein for horses?

A

SBM

44
Q

What are some key mineral in horse diets and what can mineral deficiency lead to?

A

Macro: ca and p (2:1)
Micro: cu, an, se
Deficiency:
-developmental orthopedic disease (DOD)
-decreased bone mineral density
-angular limb deformities, osteochondrosis

45
Q

What is colic?

A

Intestinal distention. Stretching of mesentric support. Inflammation of intestines.
Severe abdominal pain.

46
Q

Causes and symptoms of colic.

A

Causes: intestinal spasm (rapid dietary change or endotoxins)
Impaction (inadequate and/or poor quality forage, dehydration, ingestion of sand or soil, internal parasites)

Symptoms: loss of appetite, grinding teeth, stretching posture, looking and or kicking at abdomen, uneasiness and rolling, sweating, increased HR >60bpm, increased RR

47
Q

How to prevent colic?

A

-consume at least 1% BW in forage
- don’t feed more than 0.75% bw concentrate at a single feeding
-abundant clean water
-regular exercise
-don’t feed moldy or dust feedstuffs
-don’t feed on ground
-avoid sandy own surfaces
-deworming program

48
Q

What is laminitis (founder)?

A

Inflammation of laminae. Rotation or sinking of coffin bone
Chronic laminitis leads to founders
Sensitive and insensitive laminae of the hoof wall separate ( bond between them falls). The attachment of the coffin bone to the hoof breaks down.

49
Q

Symptoms of laminitis?

A

Lameness
Abnormal hoof growth
Irregular gait

50
Q

Causes of founder?

A

Overconsumption of grain or lush pasture
Retained placenta
Concussion
Excessive weight bearing

51
Q

Prevention of founder?

A

Don’t over feed grain
Use fats to supply extra energy rather than carbs
Gradually introduce grain and mush forages into diet
Be cautious when pasturing horses during periods of rapid forage growth

52
Q

What is cantharidin toxicosis?

A

“Blister beetle poisoning”
Beetles or beetle parts ingested in hay

53
Q

What are symptoms of cantharidin toxicosis?

A

Blistering of oral mucosal membranes
Profuse sweating
Muzzle splashing
Abdominal pain
Frequent urination

54
Q

How to prevent cantharidin toxicosis?

A

Don’t feed legumes
Avoid harvesting field borders
Don’t use crimpers
Harvest before flowering
Spray with short acting insecticide like sevin
Buy alfalfa before may or after September

55
Q

What is heaves?

A

“Inflammatory airway disease”
Similar to asthma in humans
Irritants in trachea and lungs cause hyper secretion of mucous and thickening of airways.
Lung alveoli become scarred and brittle, increasing chance of rupture

56
Q

What causes heaves?

A

Allergic reactions to fungal spores in feed, bedding, environment.
Dusty or moldy hay
Dust environment

57
Q

Symptoms of heaves?

A

SOB
Increases RR
chronic cough
Heave line on flank d/t exertion of abdominal muscles
Nasal discharge

58
Q

How to prevent heaves?

A

Don’t feed hay that is moldy or dusty
Avoid finely ground feedstuffs
Pasture horses if possible
Consider using high moisture forages like haylage
Keep pen and stable surfaces clean and dust free
Use dust free bedding

59
Q

What is polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)?

A

Genetic condition that leads to “tying up”
Muscles contain abnormally large amounts of abnormally branches glycogen.
Muscle cell destruction results in release of myoglobin which is excreted in urine.

60
Q

What is polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)?

A

Genetic condition that leads to “tying up”
Muscles contain abnormally large amounts of abnormally branches glycogen.
Muscle cell destruction results in release of myoglobin which is excreted in urine.

61
Q

What causes PSSM?

A

Feeding performance horses high starch diets during intermittent periods of inactivity

62
Q

Symptoms of PSSM?

A

Stiff gait
Reluctance to move
Profuse sweating
Accelerated HR
increased RR
wine colored urine
Often follows rest period

63
Q

How to prevent PSSM?

A

-provide performance horses with light exercise on days off
-allow performance horses to rest on pasture whenever prudent
-reduce or eliminate dietary starch (use fat for energy)
-affected horses should be allowed to rest and provide plenty of water (protects kidneys from damage as myoglobin is excreted)

64
Q

What is ionosphere toxicosis?

A

When a horse consumes ionospheres which are in cattle diets. Very toxic to horses (1mg/kg bw is lethal)

Sx: muscle tetany, posterior weakness, profuse sweating

65
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of phase feeding of swine?

A

Advantages:
-max performance
-reduced cost
-minimized over-feeding and under-feeding of nutrients
-minimized nutrient excretion

Disadvantages:
-coordinating with the feed mill to get the right amount of each diet

66
Q

What are the 3 phases during nursery swine nutrition?

A

Phase 1: (<15lbs)
-high animal protein, lactose sources, low SBM

Phase 2: (15-25lbs)
-reduced animal protein, lactose sources; moderate SBM.

Phase 3: (25-50lbs)
-no animal protein, lactose sources; SBM is main protein source.

67
Q

What are the 3 goals during nursery pig nutrition?

A

1) max feed intake
2) match dietary nutrients with pig biology
3) adjust pigs to low cost diets quickly

68
Q

What changed to swine experience during weaning?

A

Removal from sow
Transportation
New environment
Liquid to solid diet
Commingling with other litters

Principles Of Feeding (ASI 220) (5 decks)

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