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Principles Of Feeding (ASI 220) > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the phases of production?

A

1) cow/calf
2) Stocker/backgrounding
3) Feedlot

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2
Q

Describe the cow/calf phase

A

Breeding, calving, suckling calf to 6-10 months (500lbs)
Location: Dry lots and pasture
Primary Feedstuffs: preserved forages, pasture

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3
Q

Describe the stocker and backgrounding phase.

A

Growing for 2-6 months (500 to 1000 lbs)
Location: Pasture
Primary Feedstuffs: Pasture

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4
Q

Describe the Feedlot phase

A

Finishing for 4-5 months
Location: Dry lots
Primary Feedstuffs: preserved forages + grains

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5
Q

What are the impacts on cow/calf nutrient requirements?

A

1) intake
2) nutrient digestibility and composition (GE to NE)
3) maintenance
4) production

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6
Q

What are the variables of maintenance

A

-mature body weight
-physical activity
-temperature regulation
-body condition score

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7
Q

What are the variables for production

A

-Growth (heifer vs. mature)
-Gestation (open vs. gestating)
-Lactation (dry vs. lactating)

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8
Q

What are the 4 sub stages of cow calf nutrition

A

1) calving to breeding
2) breeding to weaning
3) mid gestation
4) pre-calving

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9
Q

Describe the calving to breeding sub stages

A

-highest nutrient requirement
-90 days
-NE(m) + high NE(L)

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10
Q

Describe the sub stage breeding to weaning

A

-150 days
-NE(m) + decrease NE(L) + increase NE(g)

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11
Q

Describe the sub stage mid-gestation

A

90 days
NE(m) + 2x increase NE(g)

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12
Q

Describe the sub stage pre-calving

A

90 days
NE(m) + 3x increase NE(g)

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13
Q

Effects of poor nutrition on cows and calf

A

Cow: dystocia, delayed return to estrus, and poor subsequent conception

Calf: poor survival rate, low milk available/WW, and muscle/fat deposition

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14
Q

What are the roles of the stocker/backgrounding phase

A

-intermediary between cow/calf, feedlot

-“straighten out”

-Add value (maximizing ADG to increase wt. in backgrounding, and use low cost forage to max. Margin over feed costs in stocker)

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15
Q

Describe “straightening out”

A

-group into market groups of age and type
-manage stress to stabilize health (milk to solid feedstuffs, co-mingling, transport, processing and vaccination)

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16
Q

Describe stocker vs. backgrounding

A

Stocker: transition weaned calves to thin stocker calves to improve the value of lower quality feedstuffs/forages

Backgrounding: Transition weaned calves to fattened feeder calves ready for high-energy diets

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17
Q

What is limit feeding

A

Involves replacement of a lower energy diet fed free choice with a higher energy diet fed in smaller amounts.

Requires close control of the amount of feed delivered to bunk daily.

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18
Q

Why choose limit feeding over ad-lib feeding?

A

Can substantially improve conversion efficiency relative to ad lib feeding.

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19
Q

Effects of poor nutrition on stocker/background cattle

A

Reduced cattle margin
Lower rate of gain
Lower value of added grain
Purchasing/marketing issues

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20
Q

What’s is different in feedlot nutrition

A

Maximize ADG shifts to IM far deposition

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21
Q

How can you transition feedlot cattle from high roughage to high concentrate diets

A

-initially restrict intake of high concentrate, high energy diet and gradually increase amounts fed until desired diet composition achieved (not ideal method)

-gradually replace high roughage diet with diet of progressively greater grain content until desirable diet composition achieved (preferred method)

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22
Q

What diet types does feed intake regulation depend on?

A

High forage: rumen capacity (DMI)

High grain: chemostatic mechanism (energy level)

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23
Q

What is the limit feeding approach

A

Intake of a single high concentrate diet is gradually increased over a period of 2-3 weeks

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24
Q

What is the step up approach

A

Concentrates incrementally replace roughage over a period of 3 weeks using 4-5 different diets

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25
Q

What is the two-ration approach

A

Uses 2 diets
Required multiple feedings each day
Feedlot regimen for 3 daily feedings
-starter diet fed meals 1 2 and 3, repeat x7 days
-starter fed meals 1 and 2, finisher fed meal 3, repeat x 7 days
-starter fed mea 1, finisher fed meal 2and3, repeat x7 days
-finisher fed meals 1 2 3 starting day 22. Cont. until slaughter

Effectively creates “steps”
-60, 71, 82, and 93% concentrate

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26
Q

Feedlot nutrient requirements

A

Water
Energy intake
Protein
Minerals and vitamins

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27
Q

Why is energy intake important

A

Dictates rate of growth and efficiency

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28
Q

Why is protein important

A

Deficiency of ruminant available proteins limits carbohydrate fermentation
-microbial protein is primary protein source for the animal
-dietary protein is supplied via byproducts or ruminally degrading nitrogen sources like soy meal and urea

29
Q

What mineral and vitamins are needed

A

Always added: Ca, Na, vitamin A, Co, Cu, I, Mn, Se, Zn

Usually added: K, S, Vitamin E

Rarely/never added: P, Vitamin D (unless indoors)

30
Q

Disease caused by poor nutrition

A

-Acidosis
-bloat
-founder
-liver abscesses
-polioencephalomalacia
-urinary calculi

31
Q

Significant changes in dairy industry in 50 years

A

-cows now maintained in confinement
-herds are larger and more efficient
-grain makes up 50% of lactation diet
-milk production per cow is 2-4x more than prior to 1960

32
Q

What is major difference between dairy cow diets?

A

Dry = 90% and 10%
Transition = 70% and 30%
Lactation = 50% forage 50% grain (1:1)

33
Q

When is the “dry cow” diet given

A

Fed 20-40 days immediately prior to the transition diet

34
Q

What are the goals during the dry cow diet

A

To maintain moderate body condition
To minimize cost

35
Q

What does the dry cow diet consist of

A

Corn silage base = 15lb corn silage and 25 lb grass hay
or
hay/pasture base = 38 lb grass
2lb energy supplement
1 lb protein supplement

36
Q

When is the dairy cow “transition” diet given

A

In the final 21 days of gestation

37
Q

What does the transition diet consist of

A

25 lb corn silage
9 lb grass hay
5 lb grain
3.5 lb alfalfa hay
2 lb soybean meal
1.5 lb mineral and vitamin supplement
1 lb whole cottonseed

38
Q

What are the goals of the transition diet

A

-Adapts the rumen to processing a greater nutrient load
-Ensures controlled change in the ruminal microbrial population
-limits digestive upset
-full adaption from a forage diet to a 50% grain diet in 5 weeks

39
Q

What are the diet specification for transition diet

A

A decrease in certain dietary cations and an increase in dietary anion. (DCAD balance)
-increase in anions creates mild metabolic acidosis which triggers Ca and P mobilization from bone
-reduces incidence of hypocalcemia
-urine pH most widely used indicator of DCAD balance
If pH less than 6.0 then low risk for milk fever
If greater than 7.6 high risk for milk fever

40
Q

What are the critical nutrients during “lactation nutrition” and describe why they are critical

A
  • water = milk is 85-88% water
    -energy = balance between fiber and NFC intake. Fats and oils are used also to increase energy density
    -protein = metabolizable protein. RDP/RUP
    -mineral = P, Ca, Se, Mg, K
41
Q

What are some challenges of energy nutrition

A

Thin cows = lesser peak milk, poor reproductive performance
Fat cows = prone to metabolic disease in subsequent lactations

42
Q

What nutrients are important in energy nutrition

A

Carbs = starch and fiber which is difficult to get right
Lipids =oilseed, dietary fats, rumen protected fats

43
Q

What protein nutrition is top priority and which comes in second

A

Ruminally degradable protein (RDP): microbial requirements are top priority = maximize MCP production

Ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) needs are secondary. (Heat treated soybean meal and fish are preferred spruces and some sources can decrease protein flow to the SI)

44
Q

How is protein status in lactating cows measured

A

Via MUN or milk urea nitrogen (10-16 mg/dl). Which indicated over or under feeding protein.

High MUN = CP too high, NFC too low, CP and NFC not available at same time.

Low MUN = CP too low

45
Q

What causes acidosis

A

-highly fermentable grain consumed
-low pH of rumen encourages lactic acid production
-accumulation of lactate leads to low pH less than 5.2
-reduced gut motility, absorption, increase lactate and VFA in bloodstream: systemic acidosis and heart failure

46
Q

What causes urinary calculi

A

And imbalance of Ca:P

47
Q

What causes polioencephalomalacia (feedlot polio, brainers)

A

Excess sulfur, insufficient thiamine

48
Q

Explain metabolizable protein (MP)

A

-can be supplied by feed or by microbial cell protein
-RDP and non-protein nitrogen are used to manufacture microbial cell protein
-no accurate estimation of AA requirements in dairy cattle (lysine and methionine generally considered most limiting AA)

49
Q

What are some important macrominerals

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfur

50
Q

What are some important trace minerals

A

Copper, zinc, selenium
Copper is the most common cause of toxicity at 4x the amount.

51
Q

What are the maintenance requirements in sheep and goat

A

-wool growth
-high DMI
-multiple births
(Sheep = 2.5-3.5%. Goats = 3.0-5.0%)
-seasonal markets

52
Q

What are the production goals for sheep and goats

A

Meat (speciality markets)
Wool
Dairy (fastest growing)
Pasture management
Lifestyle

53
Q

How are sheep and goats fed

A

-range or pasture based production common (max use of quality forage during periods of peak nutrient requirements)

-they are used for noxious weed control because of selection preferences

54
Q

When do we supplement sheep and goat feed

A

Flushing
Mid/late gestation
Lactation
Creep feeding

55
Q

What is nutritional flushing

A

Elevating plane of nutrition prior to breeding (seasonally polyestrous)
Starts 2-4 weeks prior to breeding

56
Q

What are the benefits of nutritional flushing

A

Boost ovulation rate
Improve conception and embryo implantation
Increase proportion of females in estrous
Can boost lambing/kidding rates by 10-20%

57
Q

What are gestations lengths for sheep and goats

A

Sheep = 147 days
Goat = 152 days

-early gestations =day 0-50
-Mid gestations =day 50-100
-Late gestation =day 100-150

58
Q

What are the nutritional needs during early mid and late gestation for sheep and goats

A

Early = slightly higher
Mid = slightly higher than early gestation goal is to maintain BCS and sustain pregnancy
Late = fetal growth is highest
Nutritional status should increase by 20%
Metabolic issues can occur with bag management

59
Q

What is pregnancy toxemia

A

-Occurs in late pregnancy (older females, multiple fetuses, extreme fat/thin animals.)
- inadequate energy intake leads to hypoglycemia.
-dull, depressed
-grinding of teeth
-severely weak

60
Q

What vitamins do sheep need

A

A D and E
(B and K are synthesized in the tunnel)

61
Q

Where can sheep get vitamins A,D, E

A

D= green pasture forage and sun cured hay
E=grains and harvested forages contain variable amount. Closely related to selenium
(Selenium deficiency = white muscle disease)

62
Q

What happens if a sheep is deficient in vitamin B

A

Polioencephalomalacia (polio or PEM)
-high sulfur intake (corn by products)
-destructions of neurons and brain swelling
(Blind, dilated pupil “star gazing”

63
Q

What is the recommended Ca:P ratio

A

2:1 can tolerate 7:1.
Get from forages:grains

64
Q

Explain urinary calculi

A

Ca:P imbalance
-formation of stones in urinary bladder that lodge in urethra (primarily impacts castrated males)
-high concentrate diet
-straining and dribbling urine
-water belly
-ammonium chloride

65
Q

Symptoms of sulfur deficiency

A

Loss of appetite
Reduced gain
Reduced wool growth

66
Q

What is sulfur Toxicity

A

Causes Se retention and leads to polio in lambs.
Excess can be from:
Excess sulfur intake water source
Distiller grain
And cheap protein and energy supplements

67
Q

When it comes to copper how are sheep and goats different

A

-Sheep should not take in more than 25ppm
-Requirements for sheep are influenced by dietary sulfur and molybdenum (form insoluble complexes with copper reducing absorption)
-goats are not as sensitive to

68
Q

What is copper toxicity

A

Sheep have excess copper in liver and it leaks into the bloodstream.
Causing massive blood cell destruction, severe anemia, jaundice and death in 24-48 hours

Principles Of Feeding (ASI 220) (6 decks)

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