Section 1 - Intro. To Feedstuffs Flashcards
What are the 3 considerations for feed selection?
1) Determine goals of animal and daily feed intake.
2) Identify nutrient requirements
3) Select ingredients to help meet goals
Define “Animal Response”
Is the specific thing (quality) about an animal that we are trying to adjust through nutrients.
Define “Margin of Safety”
Does not harm the animal but likely harms environment, profitability. If it becomes too wide it can harm the animal and affect profitably
What are the nutrient goals in COMPANIONSHIP animals?
-maximize lifespan
-improve quality of life of pet or owner
-prevent long-term diseases, such as diabetes.
-very stable requirements once at maturity.
What are the nutrient goals in PRODUCTION animals?
-maximize profit by optimizing production efficiency.
-Avoid over-feeding nutrients
-improve quality of the animal product.
-nutrient requirements are constantly changing.
What are the nutrient goals for PERFORMANCE animals?
-maximize productive lifespan
-optimize bone and joint health
-once at maturity, very stable requirements
What is an animals response impacted by?
1) the animals dry matter intake of a nutrient.
2) the feedstuffs physical and chemical characteristics
3) the animals genetic potential
When it comes to dry matter intake, which is better? (Low, moderate, or high?)
Moderate
Define “limit fed”
Impacted by amount a human provides it each day
Define “Fed Ad libitum”
Means it is fed “at its will.” Impacted by the animals GI capacity vs. the volume of feedstuffs
How much per body weight can HORSES eat?
1.5% of BW
How much per body weight can CATTLE eat?
2-3% of BW
How much per body weight can SHEEP & GOATS eat?
3-4% of BW
How much digestive capacity do horses have?
8%
How much digestive capacity do sheep have?
57%
How much digestive capacity do pigs have?
29%
Define “Dry Matter Intake (DMI)”
The quantity of feed an animal consumes daily, EXCLUDING water
What is the equation for DMI?
Animal daily feed intake (ADFI) X dry matter of the feed = DMI
What are 2 feedstuff characteristics?
1) composition of nutrients (moisture, starch, fiber, amino acids, etc.)
2) Digestibility by different species
2 characteristics of genetic potential?
1) Quantity of nutrient needed for maintenance
2) genetic potential for deposition of muscle vs. adipose tissue
What 2 things should we think about when identifying nutrient requirements?
1) required nutrients for maintenance vs. production
2) genetic potential
What 3 things should we think about when selecting ingredients to help meet goals?
1) practicality and availability
2) least cost of providing required nutrients
3) impact on marketable factors of health
What are the 6 essential nutrients for all animals?
1) water
2) carbohydrates
3) Fat
4) Proteins (or amino acids)
5) Vitamins
6) Minerals
Which 4 out of the 6 essential nutrients have specific requirements?
1) Water
2) Proteins (or amino acids)
3) Vitamins
4) Minerals
Which 3 out of the 6 essential nutrients collectively fulfill the energy requirements?
1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Fats
What is the equation for net energy intake?
NEintake = NE(m) + NE(p)
How do we know what nutrient level is required?
The National Research Council (NRC) summarizes animal nutrient requirements every 10 years.
What are the 5 categories of feedstuff added for “energy”?
1) Grains
2) Grain Co-Products
3) Fats and Oils
4) Other co-products
5) Forages
What are 3 practical and affordable ingredient additives?
Hay
Oats
Corn
What are 3 categories of feedstuff added for “protein”?
1) Vegetable-Based Proteins
2) Animal-Based Proteins
3) N or AA additives
What are the 5 feedstuffs added for “minerals and vitamins”?
1) Calcium Sources
2) Calcium and Phosphorus Sources
3) Sodium Sources
4) Micro-mineral Sources
5) Vitamins Sources
Moisture content is an important determinant of what?
1) market value
2) storage characteristics
3) nutritional density
Of feedstuffs
What can happen if there is too much moisture in the feedstuffs?
1) increase mold and microbe growth
2) produce mycotoxins
3) cause overheating and possible spontaneous combustion
What type of nutritional impacts does moisture have?
1) moisture DILUTES other key nutrients such as protein, fats, carbs, vitamins, minerals.
2) if moisture level is >20% it must be accurately accounted for in formulating diets.
3) may impact transportation and storage costs.
What is “As-Fed (AF)”?
-nutrient composition in form that is fed to the animal
-INCLUDES water or moisture that is part of ingredient or feed
What is “Dry Matter(DM)”?
-nutrient content in for AFTER moisture is removed
-Consider when using high moisture ingredients (>20%)
What is the equation to find the Dry Matter percentage?
[(as fed wt. - dried wt) / as fed wt.] x 100
How many pounds is 1kg?
2.2 lbs
How many kilograms is 1 metric tons?
1,000 kg = 1 MT
What is the bushel weight of “oats” in pounds?
32 lbs.
What is the bushel weight of “whole shell corn” in pounds?
56 lbs.
What is the bushel weight of “grain sorghum (milo)” in pounds?
56 lbs.
What is the bushel weight of “wheat” in pounds?
60 lbs.
What is the bushel weight of “whole soybeans” in pounds?
60 lbs.
What are energy values of feedstuff impacted by?
-nutrient composition
-nutrient digestibility
-ingredient quality
-processing
What must be considered when comparing energy values of ingredients?
-current market price
-unit that the price is expressed.
-relative value of the ingredients given its nutrient inclusion
