Section 11 OBJ 2 & 3: Networking Basics Flashcards
OBJ: 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 2.8, 3.1
Network
makes connections between machines
Five 9s
99.999% uptime
5 minutes of downtime a year
Hub
Has a number of different ports betwen 4 and 48 ports. each port allows a computer connection. typically relies on RJ45 ports 10-100 MBps
has problem of collision where multiple requests cant be carried out at the same time. like a classroom where only 1 student can ask a question at a time
has problem of privacy because every client connected receives the request and can listen to traffic
Switches
“smarter” hubs that remembers the ports that are connected to them. doesnt broadcast to every port on the switch like a hub.
Can have multiple devices talking at the same time to avoid collision
Unmanaged switch
performs its functions without needing configuration
generally used in home/small offices with a small network
Managed Switched
Performs its functions with configuration
Can configure increased security and other functions
generally used in larger offices
Wireless Access Point
allows wireless devices to a wired network.
Converts radio frequency signals into copper electrical signals in CAT5/6 cables
Router
Used to connect two different networks together.
Makes intelligent forwarding decisions from one network to the next based on its IP address
Firewall
A device configured with different rules, known as an Access Control List, that scans or blocks traffic that enters or leaves a network
basically a security guard for your network
Unified Threat Management (UTM)
Contains a firewall and other features in it, such as spam blockers and antivirus, in one device
Patch Panel
Devices that allows cable network jacks into a central area
Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
Supplies electrical power from a switch port over an ordinary data cable to power a device
3 levels of PoE:
802.3af: allows least amount of power (13W)
802.3at (PoE+): allows draw of up to 25W
802.3bt (PoE++): supplies power of up to 51W (Type 3) or 73W (Type 4)
requirements to use:
1. switch that supports PoE at any of the three levels
2. Need proper cabling in place to support (CAT6 or above)
3. Power device to use the data and power coming in
Power Injector
Used when you dont have a PoE capable switch.
Injects power directly into the network cable
Cable Modem
Devices that translates coaxial cable signals into radio frequency waves that can go into your router
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL modem)
Converts signal coming in through phone line into something that can be used by your network through a typical copper unshielded twisted pair cable
Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
Terminates fiber connection. Converts fiber connection (light signals) into something that can be sent over copper unshielded twisted pair cable)
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
a way of virtualizing the network hardware
Personal Area Network (PAN)
smallest type of wired ore wireless network and covers the least amount of area
ex: bluetooth, usb
Local Area Network (LAN)
connects components in a limited distance
usually within a few hundred ft, typically a small office
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 standard
Wi-Fi
IEEE 802.11
Campus Area Network (CAN)
Connects LANs that are building centric across a university, industrial park, or business park
span several miles
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Connects scattered locations across a city or metro area
up to about 25 miles
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Connects geographically disparate internet networks and consists of leased lines or VPNs
Worldwide coverage
Largest WAN is the internet
Area Network sizes in order
PAN -> LAN -> CAN -> MAN -> WAN
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
a wireless distribution method for two or more devices that creates a LAN wirelessly
ex: the WiFi in a home
Storage Area Network (SAN)
provisions access to configurable pools of storage devices that can be used by application servers
uses technology like Internet SCSI (iSCSI) or Fiber Channel (FC)
Small Office, Home Office (SoHo) LAN
a business oriented network that uses a centralized server or simply provides clients access to local devices like printers, file storage, or the Internet
Internet of Things
a global network of appliances and personal devices that have been equipped with sensors, software, and network connectivity to report state and configuration data
ex: Google Home
4 categories:
- hub and control systems
- smart devices
- wearables
- sensors
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
No metal in shielding of cable.
Generally cheaper and easier to use
100 meter limit
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Each twisted pair is wrapped in metallic foil for shielding to minimize electromagnetic interference.
Costs more and harder to manipulate
100 meter limit
RJ45
most commonly used connector in our networks
used in connecting ethernet
8 pin cable.
RJ11
less commonly use cable
used in connecting landlines
6 pin cable, only 2 pins used when in a RJ11 config
Registered Jack (RJ)
carries voice or data which specifies the standards a device needs to meet in order to connect to the phone or internet
Bandwidth
The theoretical measure of how much data could be transferred
Throughput
The actual measure of how much data is successfully transferred
Ethernet Standard
a designation given to a particular category that provides the ability to understand the bandwidth and the cable type to be used
Cat 5
Ethernet Standard: 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet)
Bandwidth: 100 Mbps
Max Distance: 100 meters
Cat 5e
Ethernet Standard: 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet)
Bandwidth: 1000 Mbps
Max Distance: 100 meters
Cat 6
Ethernet Standard: 1000 BASE-T | 10GBASE-T
Bandwidth: 1000 Mbps | 10 Gbps
Max Distance: 100 meters | 55 meters
Cat 6a
Ethernet Standard: 10GBASE-T
Bandwidth: 10 Gbps
Max Distance: 100 meters
Cat 7
Ethernet Standard: 10GBASE-T
Bandwidth: 10 Gbps
Max Distance: 100 meters
Could use RJ45 or TERA
Cat 8
Ethernet Standard: 40GBASE-T
Bandwidth: 40 Gbps
Max Distance: 30 meters
Straight-Through Cable (Patch Cable)
Contains the exact same pinouts on both ends of the cable
DTE to DCE
DCE to DTE
ex: connecting a computer to a switch (DCE to DTE)
Crossover Cable
swaps the send and receive pins on the other end of the cable
DTE to DTE
DCE to DCE
ex: connecting a computer to a laptop (DCE to DCE)
568B Standard
Preferred when wiring jacks inside buildings
Color scheme:
orange white, orange, green white, blue, blue white, green, brown white, brown
568A Standard
used for crossover cables, 568B will be on other end
Swap orange and green pairs
Color Scheme:
green white, green, orange white, blue, blue white, orange, brown white, brown
Medium Dependent Interface Crossover (MDIX)
an automated way to simulate having a crossover cable
Direct Burial
cables that can be run directly in the ground and can be buried with dirt.
Has stronger sheathing and jacket that can withstand more extreme weather conditions
Plenum
fire retardant coating placed on the outer insulating jacket of a UTP or STP cable
required when placing cable in spaces you cannot see, such as overhead ceiling spaces, walls etc.
Non-Plenum
does not have fire retardant coating
can be used when plenum cable isnt required
Fiber Optic Cable
Uses light from an LED or laser to transmit information through a thin glass fiber
immune to EMI
greater usable range and data capacity
Single Mode Fiber (SMF)
Used for longer distances and has smaller core size which only allows for a single mode of travel for the light signal.
core size: 8.3-10 microns in diameter
Smaller Core size
Longer Distance
More Expensive
Multimode Fiber (MMF)
used for shorter distances (< 2km) and has larger core size which allows for multiple modes of travel for the light signal
commonly used in place of a copper patch cable
core size: 50-100 microns in diameter
Larger Core size
Shorter Distance
Less expensive
Subscriber Connector (SC)
low cost, durable, and easy to install
need one for send, one for receive
has a ridge like a RJ45
remembered as the “stick and click” connector or “square” connector
Straight Tip (ST)
low cost, older, and easy to install
need one for send, one for receive
remembered as the “stick and twist” or “circle” connector
Lucent Connector (LC)
looks like a pair of cables attached together
remembered as the “love connector”
Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack (MTRJ)
smallest of the four connectors (half the size)
single head with the send and receive pins both on
Coaxial Cable (Coax)
One of the oldest categories of copper media still used in networking today.
center core of copper, outer shield of braided metal used to prevent data leakage and EMI.
RG-6 coax cable
used by local cable company to connect to homes
thick version of Coax cable
RG-59 coax cable
carries composite video between two devices or connects an outlet to a cable modem
F-Type connector
most common coax cable connector. screw on connector that connects to cable box or wall jack
BNC connector
used to be used a lot in networking, and still used today, especially in legacy government systems that havent been upgraded.
Twinaxial Cable
similar to coax cable but uses two inner conductors for data instead of just one
used for short range high speed connections
Snip/Cutter
used to cut a piece of cable off a larger spool or run of cable
Cable stripper
used to strip off the end of the cable to prepare it for attachment to a connector
Cable crimper
used to attach the connector to the end of the cable
Cable tester
used to verify the continuity of all eight wires inside a twisted pair cable or other types
wire mapping tool
like a cable tester, but specifically for twisted pair ethernet cables
cable certifier
used to determine a cable’s category and throughput
punch down block
terminates the wires and strips off excess insulation and wires that are no longer needed
tone generator/toner probe
used to generate a tone on one end of the connection and use the probe to audibly detect the wire connected on the other side
loopback adapter/device
facilitates the testing of simple networking issues
tap
connects directly to the cable infrastructure and splits or copies those packets for analysis, security, or general network management
wireless analyzer
ensures proper coverage and prevents overlaps between wireless access point coverage zones and channels
