Section 1 Flashcards
The computer and human have what similar characteristics (4)
- Perform simple and complex tasks
- Enter, receive, and store information
- Give instructions
- Short-term vs. long-term memory
A programmable, electronic device that performs specifically tasks (simple and complex) assigned by a computer program through an IPOS cycle is a __________.
Computer
While performing tasks, computers store and process _____ to generate __________.
data, information
A computers ________ gives commands tot he ________ to perform tasks.
software, hardware
The physical components of a computer system (keyboard, mouse, CPU, monitor, printer, hard disks, etc) is it’s ___________.
hardware
Programs that allow computers to perform specific tasks or applications are called _________. It has two main categories; _________ __________ and ___________ _________.
software
system software and application software
A new computer comes with system software known as the _____________ _______. It is required to interface with the computer and manages all the computer ________ and ________.
Operating system; hardware and software
Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, and Excel are examples of ____________ ________ __________.
Application Software Packages
The Information Processing Cycle is known as IPOS, which stands for?
Input/Processing/Output/Storage
Entering Data into the computer is which part of the IPOS acronym?
Input
Performing operations on the data is which part of the IPOS acronym?
Processing
Presenting the results is which part of the IPOS acronym?
Output
Saving data, programs, or output for future use is which part of the IPOS acronym?
Storage
_______ is a collection of text, numbers, images, audio, and video that has not been processed yet.
Data
__________ is processed data that may aid in making decisions, answering questions, or getting results that take a meaningful form.
Information
6 basic types of data
- Text
- Graphic
- Audio
- Video
- Date/Time
- Multimedia
Which data type? Collection of alphabet letters, numbers, and special characters.
Text Data
Which data type? Photographs, mathematical charts, and drawings.
Graphic Data
Which data type? Sounds, such as music and voice.
Audio Data
Which data type? Moving pictures and images.
Video Data
Which data type? Date and time of a specific event
Date/Time Data
Which data type? Combinations of text, number, and/or audio/video.
Multimedia
A systematic way to write or represent any number is called a _________ _______.
number system
Any character or piece of data typed on a keyboard must be converted to a ________ _______ _______, which is interpreted and processed by a computer.
binary number system
The _______ of a number system tell you how many digits will be used to represent a number.
base
All characters typed on a computer are first converted to their decimal equivalent and then to the a _______ code.
binary
To transfer a decimal number to binary code you must:
- Divide the decimal number by 2, giving you a quotient and a remainder
- Divide the quotient from step 1 by 2, giving another quotient and another remainder.
- The division by 2 continues until the quotient is 0 and remainder is 1.
The very last remainder digit it written first, then the next is second, until all digits are written.
Find the binary code for letter A, where the decimal number is 65.
- 65/2= quotient 32 remainder 1
- 32/2=quotient 16 remainder 0
- 16/2=quotient 8 remainder 0
- 8/2=quotient 4 remainder 0
- 4/2=quotient 2 remainder 0
- 2/2=quotient 1 remainder 0
- 1/2=quotient 0 remainder 1
binary code = 1000001
Machine language uses what two digits? Hint” Binary numbers”
0 and 1
What language does computers use to process data or information that is made solely from two numerical values (0 and 1)?
Machine
bits is short for?
Binary Digits
To represent data in a computer system, any character typed must be converted into an eight big binary code that is a combination of eight 0’s and 1’s in _______ (or Uni-code) coding schemes.
ASCII
Digits 0 and 1 (bits) represent the smallest unit of information - computers use a group of eight bits, known as ______, which is a combination of 0’s and 1’s, to present any _____________ typed.
bytes, character
Binary digits 0 and 1 act like an _________ switch, where 0 is the _____ state and 1 is the _____ state.
electrical; off, on
______ ____ is any data in computer machine language or binary digit form that is handled by computers or mobile devices.
Digital Data
ASCII stands for
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
EBDCIC stands for
Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code
_____ is the universal international coding standard that represents characters from other languages and uses a 16 binary digit (2 bytes) patterns. The first 256 characters are the same as the ASCII coding system.
Unicode
Operators are special symbols used to manipulate numeric values and perform __________ on one, two, or three operands and return a single result.
operations
Examples of arithmetic operators are:
+ - / *
Examples of comparison operators are:
> < >= <= and !=
Name the 6 categories of computers
- Supercomputers
- Mainframe computers
- Personal Computers (PC)
- Mobile Devices
- Wearable computers
- Embedded computers
All computers go through the _______ cycle and need hardware, an operating system, and __________ to perform their operations.
IPOS, software
____________ were designed to perform complex mathematical calculations at extremely high speed. They are used by governments and are also used for scientific research. They are the most expensive and are very large in size.
Supercomputers
____________ computers are large, expensive, and powerful computers that allow thousands of users to perform tasks simultaneously. Large companies use these computers, so multiple employees can access computer records at the same time.
Mainframe
__________ computers are often referred to as a desktop computer, they are compact and include a mouse, keyboard, CPU, monitor and printer, an internal hard disk and flash drives, etc.
Personal
___________ computers are portable and easy-to-carry devices. They include cell phones, GPS, PDA, laptops, and pagers.
Mobile Devices
______ _______ is a mobil computing device that has its own operating system and includes a small keyboard, some have a touch-sensitive screen, a built-in processing hardware device, LCD or other screen, storage via read-only memory (ROM) chip, network connectivity, anti-virus software, and a rechargeable battery.
Cell Phones
_______ _________ _________ are handheld devices that carry information in a digital (binary number) form. They can store contact information, photos, games, songs, calculator. They can connect to the internet, have a mini keyboard and stylus, LCD screen, ROM, and a RAM chip for additional programs, can transfer data to other devices, anti-virus software, and can sync to a computer with a USB cable.
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
_________ ___________ ______ is a collection of satellites that constantly orbit earth. Designed, built, and operated by the US Military - provides precise 3-dimensional geographic locations to a GPS receiver on earth by analyzing signals sent by satellites. Today they are built into newer mobile devices, used for navigation.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
_________ _________ __________ is a mobile electronic device that plays and supports digital audio files and images on it’s hard drive or flash memory cards.
Portable Media Player
_________ __________ are portable, thin, lightweight, and easy-to-carry computer that can have the same power and capabilities as desktop computers
Laptop computers
__________ _________ are worn on some part of the body, used in applications that require people to record and send data via the Internet or to perform computations while doing something else. Come in he form of headsets, watches, jackets, and eyeglasses. An example is an insulin pump.
Wearable computers
__________ computers are small computer chips that are built inside another operating product or device and perform a specialized function. Used in almost every product or appliance we encounter in our daily lives.
Embedded
___________ devices are attached to the computer system in order to perform a variety of tasks.
Peripheral
6 categories of computer hardware devices
- input device hardware
- processing device hardware
- output device hardware
- storage device hardware
- communication device hardware
- network device hardware
Keyboard, mouse, I-pen, Digital pen, point of sale POS terminals, ATM’s, audio devices, imaging and video devices, sound card devices, touch input devices, gaming input devices, biometric input devices, scanning devices, and devices for the handicap are all examples of ________ devices.
input
fax machines, page and handheld scanners, optical mark readers (scantron), magnetic card readers,, magnetic ink character recognition readers (MICR), bar code readers, and RFID’s are examples of __________ devices.
scanning
______________ is the main circuit board of a computer system unit. It includes the CPU, RAM, chipset, expansion slots, basic input/output system (BIOS), serial and parallel ports for peripheral devices, a battery-operated chip for the clock, controllers, and expansion buses to connect expansion cards.
Motherboard
___________ ______ are located on the back of the system unit, are opening in the motherboard where you insert extra cards such as a sound card or modem card.
Expansion slot
____________ _____ are added to a system in order to provide additional functionality, such as expanding your sound options or a network interface card (NIC) to connect to a network.
Expansion card
Hierarch of Computer Memory
- CPU Registers
- Cache level 1
- Cache level 2
- Cache level 3
- Random Access Memory (RAM)
- Secondary Storage Device (Hard Disk)
* *Virtual Memory - when RAM runs out of space to store programs.
_____ _________ is used to access certain pieces of data or instructions quickly and has 3 levels
Cache
_______ ______ ________ is a volatile, temporary working memory of the computer where all data, instructions, programs, or documents are stored while the computer is in use. All contents are lost when the computer is turned off.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
________ _______ is used when there is not enough RM left to store programs that a user is trying to execute, an OS sets aside a certain portion of storage on the hard disk to act s addition RAM and store the data.
Virtual Memory
________ are connectors located on the back or front of a computer system and are used to connect various peripheral devices to the system unit, such as a printer or scanner.
Ports
_______ ports send one bit of data at a time, like one care moving on one lane of a highway.
Serial
__________ ports sent two or more bits of data at a time and are much faster than serial ports. They are like a multilane highway.
Parellel
_______ ________ _____ ports are used to connect a wide variety of input, output, or peripheral devices, such as printers, keyboards, external hard drives., etc.
Universal serial bus (USB)
___________ ports help a computer communicate with other computers or get access to networks.
Connectivity
___________ ports look similar to phone jacks but wider and are used to connect a computer to another computer, local network, or external DS or cable model.
ethernet
_________ ports are digital devices that connect via USB 2.0 and allow the fastest transfer of data.
FireWire
Graphics ports or video ports are used to connected a _________ to a computer.
monitor
______ ports connect headphones or microphones to a computer.
Audio
_______ ports connect speakers to a computer
Speaker
_________ __________ _____ is the “brain”, a hardware chip mounted on the motherboard and it executes instructions given by a user or a computer program to perform specific tasks. It also contains RAM chips, video cards, and sound cards.
CPU Central Processing Unit
The speed of the CPU is measured in __________, the higher the faster the speed.
gigahertz GHz
Another way to measure the speed is the number of instructions per second it can process, measured by ____, ____, and ____.
MIPS, BIPS, TIPS
What are the 3 components of the CPU?
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit, and CPU registers
The ______ ______ ____ performs all required arithmetical and logical (comparison) operations to complete a particular task by executing all the required instructions.
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
The ALU can calculate arithmetic operators and _________ operators such as >, =, <=, and =.
Relational
The ______ ____ of the CPU manages all the operations of the computer system, including managing the 4 states of a CPU Machine cycle. It receives every instruction of a computer program in sequence, interprets it, and gives instructions to the appropriate part of the system to complete the task.
Control Uni
CPU __________ are special storage areas of the CPU meant for use solely by the CPU. Any data or instructions that need processing must be present in one, otherwise it will not be processed by the ALU.
Registers
The __________ __________ holds instructions currently being processes.
Instruction Register (IR)
The _____ ________ holds the data items that are being processed.
Data Register
The ________ ________ holds the intermediate and the final results of processing.
Storage Register
The ________ ________ stores the addresses of each data item or instruction in RAM.
Address Register
The ________ ________ ________ holds data as well as addresses of data and instructions.
General Purpose Register
The ________ _________ ________ holds the status of the computer program.
Special Purpose Register
What are the four stages of the CPU machine cycle?
- Fetch Instruction, where the program is brought into the temporary memory (RAM), where it stays until finished.
- Decode Instruction, where it finds what operations need to be done, and then gives instructions to registers to bring the necessary data into the ALU.
- Execute Instruction, where the ALU now performs all necessary operations .
- Store Results in CPU Registers, where the generated result is stored in one of the CPU registers.
A computer output device is ___________ that provides information to one or more people an translates the machine language back to human language.
hardware, examples are monitor, printer, and speakers.
Text, Numerical, Audio, Graphics, Picture, Alphanumeric, Audio/Video are all data types of _______ devices.
output
Images on a monitor are created by joining a number of ______.
pixels
The ___________ of a monitor is described by stating the number of pixels horizontally and the number vertically.
resolution
____ ______ is the distance between the centers of two pixels, the lower, the sharper an image is on a monitor.
dot pitch
Printing speed is measured by ______-___- _______.
pages per minute (PPM)
_____ Printers have wire pins that touch the paper to create the text or image.
Impact
____-_______ printers do not actually touch the paper.
Non-impact
______ printers create high-quality black and white or color photos.
Photo
A _____ printer is a high-speed, high-quality non-impact printer.
laser
A ______ printer is small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that prints from mobile devices, such as a laptop, tablet or smartphone.
mobile
______-________ printers accommodate paper with widths up to 60 inches, and are used to print maps, circuit diagrams, and blueprints.
Large-format
____ _________ are used as output devices on a computer and can send or receive documents using telephone lines.
fax machine
A _____________ office machine can print, scan, copy, or fax a document.
multifunction
______ output devices allow user to listen to speech, music, and other sounds. They can include speakers and headsets.
Audio
________ devices can store system software, application programs, data and instructions that can later be retrieved, edited, and saved again.
Storage
Hard disks, flash drives, and CD/DVD/Blue-ray disks are the most common ________ ________.
storage devices
Every computer requires at least one internal ________ _______ medium, known as the hard disc to store the operating system, application programs, data, and information.
magnetic storage
Magnetic storage stores operating system, application programs, data, and information on a disc’s surface in the form of a magnetic particle that exist in two binary states, 0 and 1. When the binary state is 0, the magnetic particle is/is not magnetized? When it is binary state 1, the magnetic particle is/is not magnetized?
0 = not magnetized, no data stored in that bit 1 = magnetized, data is stored in that bit
When ___________ a hard disk for use it’s disk is divided into tracks and further into sectors. Each has a number called an ________ and is ready to store data, information, OS, and other programs. If not formatted, no data can be stored on it.
formatting, address
Name the Units of Measurement for Memory and the approximate number of bytes in each: (6)
Byte, 1 KB, 1,000 MB, 1M GB, 1B TB, 1T PB, 1024 TB
A group of sectors form a ______, which is the smallest amount of disk space that can store data and information and assign a memory address. It can contain 2-8 sectors.
cluster
A hard disk is made up of a number of _______, each is made from rigid material such as aluminum, and is mounted not eh same spindle as other platters. Each platter is made up of a number of tracks and sectors, and data is stored magnetically.
platters
A _________ is a vertical section of a track that passed through all the platters, a single movement of the read/write head accesses all the platters within this.
Cylinder
The hard drive is always assigned the letter _.
C
CD’s and DVD’s are flat optical disks made from _______.
plastic
Laser beam technology is used to write data on CD’s in the form of ____ and ____. Which of these has data recorded and is burned by a laser beam?
Pit and Land; pit
_______ is between hardware and software, it contains program instructions (software) that are going to be executed routinely on hardware.
Firmware
The transfer of data or information from computer to another is called ___________ or ___________.
communication or transmission
Two types of communication media:
wired and wireless
________ technologies used for communication include fiber optic cables, twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, digital subscriber line (DSL), and integrated services digital network (ISDN).
Wired
_____ _______ _______ are made from transparent fiberglass or plastic fibers where data is sent in the form of light pulses.
Fiber Optic Cables
_________-____ cables are comprised of two individual copper wires that are wrapped with an insulation material such as plastic and are twisted to protect against crosstalk. They can be Unshielded or Shielded.
Twisted-pair
_________ cables are made of copper with four layers; electric copper wire - the core, insulating flexible material - insulates the core, thin woven copper shield - conducting layer, and an insulating plastic layer known as a plastic jacket.
coaxial
________ _________ ____ is a transmission medium and high-speed internet service that transmits digital signals using telephone network cables. You can both talk and surf the web at the same time. The speed is determined by the distance from your computer to the DSL Service Provider office.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
__________ _________ ________ ________ is a transmission medium that digitally transmits voice, video, graphics, and text data using a digital telephone network.
integrated services digital network (ISDN)
________ transmission use radio waves or infrared light to transmit data through the air. They include bluetooth, Wi-Fi satellite, infrared, cellular, and microwave.
Wireless
Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network (WLAN) that uses _______ signals to connect wireless computers and other devices through the internet for data transmission.
radio
__________ _______ ______ provides wireless Internet connections to mobile devices at places such as malls, airports, and schools. There are two types: ________ and ___.
Wireless Access Points (WAP); Hotspots and 3G.
Communication ___________, known as space stations, receive microwave transmitted signals from a station on earth. They are commonly used by GPS devices, video conferencing, etc.
satellites
____________ ___________ is a technology that uses microwave (radio waves) and integrated technologies for high-speed data transmission. It requires line of sight and are installed on the tops of buildings or on mountains.
Microwave transmission
_______ __________ allows people to communicate anywhere in the world without being connected via wired phone or cables. The newest one is Wireless 4G.
Wireless technology
_________ Wireless Transmission Technology (IR) used infrared light waves to transmit data between computers and peripheral devices such as keyboards, printer, and smart phones. It requires line of sight to exchange data.
Infrared
Messages sent over a packet-switched network between two devices is sub-divided into units called packets. Each packet stores one unit of _______ data. They can also be called frame, block, cell or segment.
binary
The _______ ________ provides the destination address (IP address) of the packet as well as information about the length of the packet, the originating IP address, the packet number in the sequence of packets, the protocol to determine the type of packet being transmitted and information to perform any error checking operations.
packet header
The _________ ____ contains the actual message.
packet body
The ________ ______ contains a sequence of bits that indicate the end of the message, it also optional.
packet footer
_______ _________ is the process of sub-dividing the original message into small units or packets and then transmitting them over the Internet to their destination.
Packet switching
Modems, sound cards, MIDI’s, and network interface cards are types of __________ ________. They enable one computer user to communicate with another to share data, information, programs, and instructions using a communication medium.
communication devices
A _______ is a communication modulating and demodulating device used in computer networks to convert digital signals to analog signals and vice-versa.
modem
__________ ______ are inside computer systems and are attached tot he system boards, they are connected to a telephone and a telephone jack.
Internal modems
________ ______ are found inside mobile computing devices, such as notebooks, cell phones, or PDA’s and connect wirelessly to the Internet.
Wireless modems
___-__ ______ are electronic devices that convert a digital signals to an analog signal.
Dial-up modems
______ _____ are digital modems that allow users to send and receive digital data over the Internet using a cable television network.
cable modems
____ ______ are used to send data signals using an ISDN data communication medium.
ISDN modems
___ ______ send and receive digital signals using a DSL data communication medium.
DSL modems
_____ ____ are used for sound input through a microphone and sound output through speakers.
Sound cards
_______ __________ ______ _________ (MIDI) is an industry-standard protocol that enables electronic musical instruments such as keyboard controllers, computers, and any other electronic equipment, to communicate, control, and synchronize with each other.
musical instrument digital interface
A _________ __________ ____ is a hardware device that allows a computer to communicate with other computers on a network.
network interface card
A network ____ is any electronic device that is capable of sending, receiving, or forwarding data in a computer network using a communication medium. This is a point at which two networks intersect.
Node
For all network devices to communicate effectively, the network is divided into 7 layers, knows as the ____ _____ ______________ _________ Model or OSI Model.
Open System Interconnection Reference Model
The seven OSI Model layers from top to bottom are:
Application Layer - 7 Presentation Layer - 6 Session Layer - 5 Transport Layer - 4 Network Layer - 3 Data-link Layer - 2 Physical Layer - 1
The _________ layer involves programs that respond to a user’s request as well as the responses to that request to use the network for applications such as email and file transfer. It is handled by Gateway communication devices.
Application
The ___________ layer converts and formats the data into the proper syntax or form so that when sent to another node, it is correctly understood. It is handled by Gateway communication devices.
Presentation
The ________ layer manages all of the aspects that deal with the exchange of data between applications. It is handled by Gateway communication devices.
Session
The ________ layer is responsible for completing data transfer between the notes by placing the data in packets and adding the destination address, header and other information. It is handled by Gateway communication devices.
Transport
the _______ layer routes and forwards the packets to their destination by addressing messages and converting the logical address into the physical address of the receiving node. It is handled by routers.
Network
The ___-___ layer contains the source and destination addresses and handles the delivery of data to the receiving computer using the physical layer. It is handles by Switches and Bridges communication devices.
data-link
The _________ layer is responsible for sending bits of data stream from the sending computer to the receiving computer. It encodes the data by converting 0’s and 1’s of data into a physical signal and decodes the data by converting the physical signal into 0’s and 1’s. It is handled by Hub and Repeaters.
Physical
Computer __________ devices are electronic devices in a network, which include gateways, switches, hubs, bridges, repeaters, and routers.
network
A ________ interfaced between two networks using different protocols.
gateway
A _____ handles and controls the data in transmission to a computer whose destination address appears on the data packet.
switch
A ______ transmits data between two different LAN’s.
bridge
A ____ connects all the computers in a LAN and enables them to communicate with each other. It also handle the exchange of data between the computers in that network.
hub
A _________ aka amplifier, amplifies the strength of the incoming signals on a network and retransmits them so that they can travel long distances without losing their integrity.
repeater
A ______ ______ links two or more networks through wires or radio signals and enables them to deliver data to the destination computer.
network router
Name the 3 basic components of the computer
a system unit, a monitor, and a keyboard/mouse device
The _______ ____ is made up of plastic or metal and is the main unit of a desktop computer and it’s components enable the computer to perform its functions.
system unit
Inside the system unit you will find: (name 4)
motherboard rom chip ram chip power supply unit expansion slots for NIC, sound card, video card, or model card Internal disk drives such as hard disk or CD/DVD A system clock A bus Expansion buses Ports
A ___ uses electrical connections, known as pathways, to connect various parts of the computer with the CPU and RAM.
bus
_________ _____ are electrical connection that connect the motherboard to all types of expansion cards.
expansion buses
The back and front of the system units include serial and parallel ____ for audio and speakers, firewire and ethernet, and memory card for devices such as digital cameras.
ports
A ________ _______ is a particular group of computers and devices that, using communication devices, communication media, and communication protocols, allows the computer on the network to communicate with each other.
computer network
_____________ ________ are a set of standard rules that govern how data will be transmitted and received between computers in a network, they are managed protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and TCP/IP.
communication protocols
The Internet Peer-to-Peer networks are the most common example of locally controlled networks, where each ____ on the computer can communicate directly with every ____ on the network.
node - this is the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networks
A client computer is a computer this is searching for data or information on a home computer or a networked computer. A ______ computer provides that data or information to the client computer.
server - this is the Client/Server Architecture
A _____ ____ ______ is a computer network in which the connected computers are within a short distance of each other.
Local Area Network (LAN)
____ ____ _______ are networks that cover large areas. Companies with nationwide, citywide or worldwide usually use them.
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
A ______________ area network is a type of WAN the covers a city or campus of a college.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A ______ ______ network is a type of WAN in which one company acts as an agent between two parties to provide network connections and some additional services for a fee.
Value added network (VAN)
____________ ________ Architecture is the use of collaborative software to enable different departments or people of an organization to access data, share computer resources, and other resources to reduce the number of communication protocols in use.
Enterprise Network Architecture
_______ is a unifying Internet protocol that lets organizations tie together workgroups and division LAN’s and connect with the Internet.
TCP/IP
____ ________ (HTTP, HTML, and XML) integrate user interfaces, applications, and data, letting organizations build intranets.
Web protocols
