sect. 2cells Flashcards
describe the structure of a nucleus
nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores,
nucleolus (makes ribosomes)
nucleoplasm
chromatin
describe the structure of a mitochondria
oval shaped
outer membrane (double
inner membrane membrane)
central matrix
cristae
describe the structure of a chloroplast
selective double membrane
stroma (liquid)
lamella (connect granum)
thylakoid (stacks)
granum (stacks of thylakoid)
describe ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
found in cytoplasm and on rough endoplasmic reticulum
made up of 2 sub units
describe the endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
rough: series of folded membranes called cristernae
ribosomes on outer surface for transportation of proteins
smooth: no ribosomes
tubular for the production, storage and transport of carbohydrates and lipids.
describe the golgi apparatus
creates glycoproteins from proteins+carbohydrates
modifies lipids,
forms lysosomes
describe the function of lysosomes
break down (hydrolyse) material ingested by phagocytes
release enzymes
digest internal organelles to recycle materials.
describe the structure of the cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
semi permeable
proteins embedded in the bilayer that act as a channel to allow substances in and out of the cell
what is chitin?
polysaccharide that makes up fungal cell walls
describe the structure of the cell wall
made up of cellulose
can function as a carbohydrate store
contains small pores called plasmodesmata
describe the structure of the vacuole
membrane called a tonoplast (maintains cell turgor)
contains cell sap
what is the permanent vacuoles sap made up of?
water, enzymes, sugars and pigments.
what is a centriole?
bundles of mictotubules, which make spindle fibres used in mitosis.
what is a plasmodesmata?
pore found in the cell wall (allows connection with neighbouring cells.)
what structures do only prokaryotic cells have?
Cell wall,
flagellum
pilus
DNA suspended in cyroplasm
what is a cyanobacteria?
prokaryotic cell capable of photosynthesis
what is a prokaryotic cell wall made up of?
peptidoglycan called murein
what is a pilus? (prokaryotic cells only)
hollow proteins that are attatched to the cell capsule, which adhere to bacteria?surfaces
what process do prokaryotic cells use to divide?
binary fission
what is the endosymbiotic theory?
suggests that mitochondrai and chloroplasts were once singular stand-alone prokaryotic cells.
