Secondary Scholarship

Question 1

Paul Zanker

Answer 1

• Octavian’s association with Apollo opposed Antony’s association with Dionysus.
• Highlighted negative stereotypes of easterners
• Apollo = discipline, morality, reconciliation

Question 2

Paul Zanker on the Mausoleum of Augustus

Answer 2

‘Such a monstrosity is best understood in the context of the crisis atmosphere just before Actium and the elevation of victory just after’

Question 3

Andrew Wallace-Hadrill

Answer 3

• Metamorphoses is a metaphor for the changes Augustus made in Rome.
• The transition from Octavian to Augustus.
• Actium as the battle of Roman Values. The victory of Roman decency over barbarianism and corruption.
• Antony as a victim of Cleopatra.

Question 4

Andrew Wallace-Hadril on the Forum of Augustus

Answer 4

• A metaphor for Augustan society.
• Embodies the values of the Empire
• Unlike the old Republic Forum

Question 5

Karl Galinsky

Answer 5

• The Saecular Games and the dedication of the new ages shouldn’t be viewed in isolation.
• Augustus’ golden age would be different from Hesiod’s golden age as it would ‘depend on the moral effort of the Romans, the ruling class in particular’.

Question 6

Karl Galinsky on the Ara Pacis

Answer 6

• ‘one of the most humane monuments built by a ruler’

- Depicts real people = ‘the relaxed attire of the participants…is, in fact, another of the blessings of pax.’

Question 7

Mary Beard

Answer 7

• War and peace are part of the same concept and cannot be separated.

Question 8

Werner Eck

Answer 8

• The returning of the standards was a disappointment for Romans who wanted to get the standards back by military force.

Question 9

Maria Brosius

Answer 9

• Augustus used the return of the standards as propaganda.