Second Test Flashcards
Drug Penetration dependent upon
Amount of pressure/vigor of rubbing Surface area covered Condition of skin Base used Occlusive dressing use
Ointment Bases
Oleaginous
Absorption
Water-removable
Water-soluble
Oleaginous Bases
Hydrocarbons Animal/vegetable/oils Synthetic Esters Petrolatum Yellow/White Ointment
Absorption Bases
Hydrophilic Petrolatum
Aquaphor
Aquabase
Lanolin
Water-Removable Bases
Hydrophilic ointment
Vanishing Cream
Dermabase
Water-Soluble Bases
Polyethylene Glycol Ointment
Preparation of Ointments
Incorporation - Solubilized or as much particle size reduction as possible
Fusion - Heat highest melting point material first, add non-continuous phase
Levigation
Melted ointment base used or
Mineral Oil - oleaginous, absorption, W/O emulsion bases
Glycerin/Propylene Glycol/Water - O/W emulsion, water-soluble bases
Preservatives
Methylparaben Propylparaben Phenols Benzoic Acid Sorbic Acid Quarternary Ammonium Salts
Gelling Agents
Synthetic Macromolecules - Carbomer 934
Cellulose Derivatives - Carboxymethylcellulose, Hydroxypropyl methycellulose
Natural Gums - Targacanth
Syneresis
When interaction between particles of the dispersed phase becomes so great that the dispersing medium is squeezed out
Swelling
Taking up of liquid by a gel with an increase in volume
Imbibition
Taking up of liquid without a measurable increase in volume
Thixotropy
Reversible gel-sol formation with no change in volume or temperature
Penetration Enhancers
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) Ethanol Propylene Glycol Glycerin Polyethylene Glycol Urea Dimethyl Acaetamide Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Poloxamers Spans Tweens Lecithin Terpenes
Pluronic Lecithin Organogel (PLO)
Aids in rapid penetration of active drugs through the skin
Factors Affecting Rectal Absorption
Colonic Content Circulation Route pH and lack of buffering Lipid-Water Solubility Particle Size Nature of Base
Suppository Bases
Oleaginous
Water-Soluble/Miscible
Oleaginous Supp. Bases
Cocoa Butter
Synthetic Triglyceride
Water-Soluble/Miscible Supp. Bases
Glycerinated Gelatin
Polyethylene Glycol Polymers
Methods of Suppository Preparation
Molding (Fusion)
Compression
Hand Rolling
Percutaneous Absorption Enhancers
Acetone Azone Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) Ethanol Oleic Acid Polyethylene Glycol Propylene Glycol Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
Iontophoresis
Delivery of charged drug across skin using electrical field
Sonophoresis
High frequency ultrasound to enhance transdermal drug delivery
Pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the drug
Pharmacodynamics
What the drug does to the body
Noyes-Whitney
Rate of dissolutionn = KS(Cs-Ct)
Excretion of Drugs
Kidney, Feces, Lungs, Sweat, Saliva, Milk
First Order Elimination
Cp = Ce^-kt
Half-Life
half-life = 0.693/K
Clearance
Cl = VxK
