Ceutics Final

Question 1

Electrolyte

Answer 1

Ability to ionize and conduct electricity

Question 2

Non-Electrolyte

Answer 2

Do not ionize or conduct electricity

Question 3

Strong electrolyte

Answer 3

substance that completely dissolves in water

Question 4

Weak electrolyte

Answer 4

Molecule that partially ionize in water

Question 5

when is a drug 50% ionized and 50% unionized

Answer 5

pH = pKa

Question 6

LADME

Answer 6

Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Question 7

Physicochemical properties that affect a drug after administration

Answer 7

Solid State Properties
Ionization
Solubility and Dissolution
Partition Coefficient
Mass Transport and Membrane Passage

Question 8

Drug Development and approval process

Answer 8

Discovery -> Pre-Clinical -> IND -> FDA Review -> Clinical -> NDA/BLA Pre-Approval inspection -> FDA Response

Question 9

FDA and USP roles

Answer 9

USP - Sets standards

FDA - Enforces the standards

Question 10

Examples of Chemical Instability

Answer 10

Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Maillard Reaction, Photolysis

Question 11

Examples of Physical Instability

Answer 11

Change between two crystalline forms or conformational changes in proteins

Question 12

Solid State Degradation steps

Answer 12

1. Loosening of molecules at the reaction site
2. Bond breaking and making
3. Solid solution formation of the degradation product
4. Separation and crystallization of the degradation product within the parent solid

Question 13

Colligative Properites of Solutions

Answer 13

Lower Vapor Pressure
Increase in Boiling Point
Decrease Freezing Point
Establishes Osmotic Pressure of Solvent by Solute

Question 14

Intrinsic Solubility

Answer 14

Equilibrium solubility of the free acid or base form of an ionizable compound at a pH where it is fully unionized

Question 15

Dissolution

Answer 15

Process by which molecules leave the solid phase and enter into solution

Question 16

Partition Coefficient

Answer 16

Ratio of concentrations of a compound in the two phases of a mixture of two liquids that can’t undergo mixing at equilibrium

Question 17

Apparent Partition Coefficient

Answer 17

Equal to the partition coefficient when the drug is completely unionized, it is a ratio of concentrations of ONLY unionized species

Question 18

Passive Transport

Answer 18

Movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input

Question 19

Active Transport

Answer 19

Movement of biochemicals across a cell membrane in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor

Question 20

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 20

Passive-Mediated Transport, process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins

Question 21

Permeability Coefficient

Answer 21

associated with simple diffusion through a membrane that is proportional to the partition coefficient and the diffusion coefficient and inversely proportional to the membrane thickness

Question 22

Absorption Factors

Answer 22

Concentration of Drug
Molecular Weight of molecule
Partition coefficient (10-100 optimal)
Ionization State
Surface Area of Site
Blood flow to that region

Question 23

Coordinated Complexes

Answer 23

Metal Complexes, covalent bonds

Question 24

Molecular Complexes

Answer 24

Noncovalent bonds