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BIOL 2325 > second quiz > Flashcards

second quiz Flashcards

1
Q

A eukaryotic ribosome consists of a ___ and a ___ subunit

A

large and a small

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2
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A

ribosomal RNA and proteins

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3
Q

Where are ribosomal subunits assembled

A

Nucleolus

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4
Q

What happens in the Nucleolus

A

ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place and ribosomal subunits are assembled and exit through the nuclear pores

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5
Q

where are ribosomes found

A

some are freely suspended in cytosol, some are attached to membranes

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6
Q

proteins made on free ribosomes go where?

A

some remain in the cytosol, pass into the nucleus, or become parts of mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton or other cytoplasmic structures.

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7
Q

what is the endomembrane system

A

series of membranes in cytoplasm dividing cells into compartments where different cellular functions occur

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8
Q

what are vesicles

A

small membrane bound sacs that transfer substances between parts of system

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9
Q

what organelles/cell parts are part of endomembrane system (6)

A

nuclear envelop, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, vesicles and plasma membrane

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10
Q

What are the smooth parts of the ER called

A

cisterna

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11
Q

what is the space between cisterna called in the ER

A

ER lumen

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12
Q

why is it called the Rough ER

A

ribosomes attached to surface of cisterna

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13
Q

Why do the proteins made on the ribosomes that are attached to the rough ER go into the ER lumen

A

to fold into their final form. Also chemical modifications like addition of carbohydrates to produce glycoproteins

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14
Q

How are the proteins that are modified in the Rough ER delivered to other regions of the cell ( e.g. golgi complex)

A

From vesicles that pinch off from ER

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15
Q

Why is it called smooth ER

A

No ribosomes attached to Cisterna

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16
Q

function of Smooth ER?

A

synthesize lipids that become part of cell membrane

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17
Q

function of smooth ER in liver?

A

converts drugs, poisons, and toxic by products into substances that can be tolerated or easily removed from the body

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18
Q

What is the golgi appartus made of and what are they

A

golgi bodies, flattened sacs of interconnected membranes

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19
Q

What are the different networks and network compartment names

A

Cis-, medial-, trans golgi network and trans-golgi network compartments

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20
Q

Where do proteins that are made in the ER enter in the golgi complex

A

Cis face

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21
Q

What happens to the transport vesicles that deliver proteins to the cis face

A

They fuse with the membrane

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22
Q

Where do modified proteins exit in the golgi complex and how do they exit

A

they exit fromthe trans face and in vesicles that bud off from the membrane

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23
Q

what are the functions of the golgi body (4)

A

collects, packages, and distributes molecules using vesicles synthesized at one location in the cell and utilized at another location
sugar production and addition to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids
final protein folding
stores secreted material

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24
Q

Proteins to be secreted from the cell are transported in what? And what is the action called

A

secretory vesicles and exocytosis

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25
Q

what happens to the vesicle during the end of exocytosis

A

it fuses with the plasma membrane and becomes a part of the plasma membrane

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26
Q

what are lysosomes

A

membrane bounded digestive vesicles

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27
Q

where do lysosomes come from

A

golgi apparatus, trans-golgi network

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28
Q

lysosomes are found in (animals/plants), choose one

A

animals, not plants

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29
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

enzymes in it catalyze breakdown of macromolecules and the subunits are recycled int he cell

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30
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

to destroy cell or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed (soluable and insoluable substances) [to eat=phago]

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31
Q

what is autophagy

A

to digest worn out or damaged organelles [eat self]

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32
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

to destroy soluable foreign material (to drink)

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33
Q

what is the pH of the lysosome and the pH of the cytosol

A

pH of lysosome is 5, cytosol is 7.2

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34
Q

what are coat proteins and their function

A

they bind to vesicles to ensure the vesicle is going to where it needs to go and release to the compartment it should release in

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35
Q

what are peroxisomes and what is its function

A

variety of enzyme bearing, membrane enclosed vesicles. The enzymes are involved in oxidation of fatty acids

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36
Q

what is the byproduct of oxidation of fatty acids and what enzyme renders it harmless

A

hydrogen peroxide and catalase (in peroxisomes)

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37
Q

What organelles have their own DNA

A

Chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus

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38
Q

How many bilayers does the mitochondria have

A

2, inner and outer membrane

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39
Q

What are the folds called that the inner is partitioned into in mitochondria

A

cristae

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40
Q

what is the innermost compartment of the mitochondria called and what does it contain

A

Matrix, contains DNA, ribosomes and other components

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41
Q

Where is Cellular respiration occur, what is cellular respiration

A

it occurs in cristae and matrix of mitochondria and it is the breaking down of energy rich food molecules and the energy is captured as ATP

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42
Q

Is mitochondria aerobic or anaerobic. Does this mean cellular respiration require oxygen or not?

A

aerobic, requires oxygen

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43
Q

What are the ovals inside the chloroplasts called, and what is it called if its stacked

A

thylakoids, stacked thylakoids are called grana

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44
Q

Why do we think the mitochondria was a prokaryotic cell

A

It has DNA, ribosomes, and molecular machinery resemble the equivalent structures in bacteria

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45
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

An ancient eukaryotic cell consumed a aerobic prokaryotic cell and that is the modern animal eukaryotic cell. A eukaryotic cell consumed a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell and thats a modern plant cell

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46
Q

which came first according to endosymbiotic theory, the animal cell or plant cell?

A

animal cell

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47
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

interconnected system of protein fibers and tubes that extends throughout the cytoplasm

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48
Q

what are the main functions in cytoskeleton

A

maintains a cells characteristic shape, and internal organization, and functions in movement

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49
Q

In animal and plant cells, what are the 3 protein polymers found in cytoskeleton. Name them from largest to smallest

A

microtubule, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

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50
Q

What is the diameter of microtubules

A

25nm in diameter

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51
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

alpha and beta tubulin dimers

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52
Q

how many tubulin dimers (aka protein filaments) make up the wall of microtubules

A

13 protein filaments

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53
Q

how are they organized, what characteristic does it give, and to which end are tubulin added

A

organized head (+ end) to tail (- end) and give polarity, also dimers are added to the + end

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54
Q

What does it mean “microtubules are dynamic structures”

A

That means they can change their length by addition or removal of tubulin dimers

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55
Q

what is it called when you add tubulin dimer? what if its removed?

A

polymerization and depolymerization

56
Q

microtubles radiate (outwards/inwards) from the ____ to anchor many organelles in position

A

outwards, centrosome(call center)

57
Q

what are centrioles

A

two short barrel shaped structures at the midpoint of the cell center

58
Q

What do vesicles move on between interior of cell and plasma membrane

A

tracks provided by microtubules

59
Q

what do microtubules do during cell division

A

separate and move chromsomes

60
Q

What are the 3 motor proteins and what protein polymer do they push or pull against

A

dyneins and kinesins push or pull against microtubules

myosins push and pull against microfilaments

61
Q

What is the difference between dyneins and kinesins

A

dyneins carry cargo from the edge of the cell towards the cell body
kinesins carry cargo from cell body towards the edge of the cell

62
Q

how are the two ends of a kinesin or dynein molecules differ

A

one end is fixed to a cell structure such as vesicle or to a microtubule or microfilament
and the other is “walking” along another microtubule or microfilament by making an attachment, forcefully swiveling and releasing.

63
Q

Why is it called “intermediate filaments”

A

the size is between microtubules and microfilaments

64
Q

what are intermediate filaments made of

A

intermediate filament proteins

65
Q

do intermediate filaments work in bundles/interlinked networks, or alone

A

they can work in bundles/networks or alone

66
Q

do intermediate filaments work with microtubules or microfilaments

A

they can work with either OR both at the same time

67
Q

what are the functions are intermediate filaments

A

provide structural support ins many cells and tissues, and are tissue specific in their protein composition,
focuses on “cell infrastructure”

68
Q

what are the microfilaments subunits

A

actin subunit

69
Q

how large are microfilaments

A

7nm in diameter

70
Q

how large are intermediate filaments

A

8-12nm in diameter

71
Q

do microfilaments have polarity?

A

yes, positive and negative end

72
Q

what are the functions of microfilaments (3)

A

components of contractile elements in muscle fibers.
involved in cytoplasmic streaming which transport nutrients, proteins, and organelles in animal and plant cells , and is responsible for amoeboid movement.
divide the cytoplasm when animal cells divide

73
Q

how are flagella and cilia different

A

cilia are shorter than flagella

74
Q

how are flagella and cilia the same

A

they are both elongated, moving structures that extend from cell’s surface

75
Q

where do flagella and cilia arise from

A

centrioles

76
Q

centrioles remain at the innermost end of the flagellum/cilium development is complete as the ____ ___ of the structure

A

basal body

77
Q

what is the 9+2 complex

A

circle of nine double microtubules and a pair of single microtubles in the middle

78
Q

how do dynein motor proteins produce movement

A

dynein motor proteins slide microtubules of the 9+2 slides over each other to produce movement

79
Q

how does the flagella and cilia differ movement

A

flagella is an s-shape wave (harmonic) and the cilia is a power stroke followed by recovery stroke (free stroke from swimming)

80
Q

what are some structures that are only found in plant cells and not animal cells (3)

A

chloroplasts, largte central vacuole and plant cell walls

81
Q

where does chloroplasts also occur in

A

algal protsists

82
Q

where do cell walls also appear in

A

algal protists and fungi

83
Q

what are the 3 plastids we need to know and what are their colors

A

Chloroplasts (yellow-green) amyloplasts (colorless) and chromoplasts (yellow, red)

84
Q

what do amyloplasts do

A

store starch

85
Q

what do plastids contain and what are their functions

A

contain DNA genomes and molecular machinery for gene expression and protein synthesis on ribosomes or on their genomes

86
Q

How many bilayers does chloroplasts have

A

2

87
Q

what is the inner compartment of the chloroplasts called

A

stroma

88
Q

what are the flattened-closed sacs in chloroplasts called, and what are they called if theyre stacked

A

thylakoids, grana

89
Q

what is the green pigment in thylakoid membranes called and what does it do

A

chlorophyll absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy

90
Q

central vacuole can take up how much volume in a plant cell (percent)

A

90 percent

91
Q

what is the membrane called that surrounds a central vacuole

A

tonoplasts

92
Q

what is tonoplasts

A

the membrane surrounding the central vacuole

93
Q

what is the function of the central vacuole (8)

A

store salts, organic acids, sugars, storage proteins, pigments, waste product (in some cells), enzymes (to breakdown macromolecules) and molecules for chemical defense

94
Q

what is the function of cell wall

A

support individual cells, contain the pressure produced in the central vacuole and protect cells against invading bacteria and fungi

95
Q

from outside to inside, what is the order of the cellulose fibers/ layers of cell wall

A

middle lamela, primary cell wall, secondary cell wall

96
Q

describe the primary cell wall

A

soft and flexible

97
Q

what does secondary cell wall consist of

A

cellulose fibers and carbohydrates

98
Q

what reinforces the secondary cell wall in woody plants

A

lignin

99
Q

middle lamella is made of what

A

pectin (polysaccharides)

100
Q

what is the plasmodesmata

A

penetrates primary and secondary cell wall to allow communication and movement of ions and small molecules into the plant’s cytosol

101
Q

what are the 3 specialized structures in animal cells

A

cell adhesion molecules, cell junctions, extracellular matrix

102
Q

what are cell adhesion molecules made of

A

glycoproteins

103
Q

where do cell adhesions begin (birth) and end

A

they start between cells in embryonic development and stays in the plasma membrane

104
Q

what is the function of the cell adhesion molecules

A

bind cells together

105
Q

how are cancer cells related to cell adhesion molecules

A

cancer cells lose these cells which allow them to break loose and maove

106
Q

what do bacteria and viruses target

A

cell adhesion molecules

107
Q

what are anchoring junctions

A

buttonlike spots or belts that weld adjacent cells together

108
Q

what are desmosomes

A

anchoring junctions with intermediate filaments that anchor the junction in under cytoplasm

109
Q

what protein does adheren junction use and where

A

microfilaments and cytoskeletal component

110
Q

Anchoring junction is mainly used where

A

where there are stretching and shear and other mech forces

111
Q

tight junctions do what

A

seal the space between adjacent cells in cell layers, that cover internal organs, outer surface of body or layers that line internal cavities and ducts

112
Q

how are tight functions made

A

formed by direct fusion of proteins on the outer surface of plasma membrane of adjacent cells

113
Q

what are gap junctions functions. Where in the body is it most important

A

direct channels that allow communication of animal cells and allow ions/small molecules to pass from one cell to another. Heart muscle tissue

114
Q

what do gap junctions look like

A

hollow pipelines

115
Q

what does the ECM contain

A

proteins and polysaccharides secreted by the cells themselves

116
Q

ECM forms what

A

skin, bones, tendons, and many highly specialized extracellular strucutres

117
Q

what is the main component of ECM

A

glycoprotein/collagen

118
Q

whats fibronectin

A

bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane which bind to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton for communication

119
Q

what does proteoglycans do

A

change consistency of matrix which surrounds the collagen fibers. In bone, its mineral crystal dense and hard but also elastic

120
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

proposes that the phospholipid molecuels and proteins move around and exchange places like glaciers

121
Q

whats the difference between integral protein and peripheral proteins

A

integral proteins are embedded in phospholipid bilayer while peripheral are on the surface held by noncovalent bonds

122
Q

purpose of membrane proteins (4)

A

transport, recognition, receptors, cell adhesion

123
Q

how does unsaturated fatty chain help membrane in low temps

A

help keep membrane fluid at low temp

124
Q

how does cholesterol help at high and low temps of membrane

A

low temps prevent membrane from stiffening, at high temps helps membrane stabilize and decrease fluidity

125
Q

how does amount of double bonds and cholesterol change in lower temp

A

both increase

126
Q

describe frye and edidin experiment

A

cultured two separate cells (human and mice) and added human/mice antibodies on their respective cell. Dyed human antibodies red and mice green, mixed the cell (chimera) and showed that proteins move after 40 mins

127
Q

the membrane is selectively permeable, what molecules can go through it? whats blocked?

A

hydrophobic molecules (easily), small polar molecules (but slowly). Ions and molecules are blocked

128
Q

what are the 3 types of passive transport and what is passive transport

A

use energy from concentration gradient. Simple/facilitated/osmosis

129
Q

What are the two types of active transport and what’s the difference

A

primary- use ATP

secondary- use energy in forms other than atp

130
Q

what kind of things can go through simple diffusion

A

nonpolar inorganic gases (o2 n2 and co2) and organic molecules . Also depends on molecular size and lipid solubility

131
Q

What is important to know about facilitated diffusion

A

are transport proteins and are SPECIFIC

132
Q

What kind of molecules are transported in facilitated diffusion (4)

A

water, amino acids, sugars, and ions. In general polar and charged molecules

133
Q

How are channel proteins and gated channels different

A

channel proteins are always open while gated has to switch from open, close and intermediate

134
Q

whats the difference between aquaporins and ion channels

A

aquaporins are for water an ion channels are for ions (na+ k+, ca2+ cl-) and are gated

135
Q

whats the function of carrier protein

A

transport ions and solutes across the membrane, but also physically binds molecules and release them to the other side

136
Q

what are essential characteristics of carrier proteins

A

undergo conformational change
specific
passive
can be saturated if there are too many solute molecules

BIOL 2325 (9 decks)

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