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BIOL 2325 > Leftovers for first test > Flashcards

Leftovers for first test Flashcards

1
Q

What type(s) of transport require conformation of proteins

A

facilitated transport and active transport

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2
Q

What does it mean for a carrier protein to be saturated

A

there are too many solute molecules compared to carrier proteins

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3
Q

what does the green arrow in a diffusion diagram represent? What does a red arrow mean?

A

green arrow means direction of concentration gradient, red arrow means direction of transport

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4
Q

Define osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to concentration gradients

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5
Q

Do animal cells expend energy to counteract the inward and outward movement of water by osmosis

A

yes

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6
Q

How does water move in osmosis (from what kind of region to what kind of region)

A

it moves from a higher concentration of free water (less solute) to a region of lower concentration of free water (more solute)

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7
Q

Name a type of membrane we commonly see used to demonstrate osmosis

A

cellophane membrane

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8
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

force needed to stop osmotic flow

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9
Q

what if a cell is in a hypotonic solution

A

the cell will swell and create pressure

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10
Q

In a hypotonic solution, what happens if the cell membrane is strong enough? Name an example

A

If Cell membrane is strong, cell reaches counterbalance of osmotic pressure driving water in with hydrostatic pressure driving water out. Like cell wall of prokaryotes, fungi, plants, and protists

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11
Q

In a hypotonic solution, what happens if a cell’s membrane is not strong enough? Name an example

A

The cell will swell and burst, like animal cells (they must be in isotonic environments)

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12
Q

What is Tonicity

A

property of solution with respect to a particular membrane

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13
Q

Define hypotonic

A

Solution surrounding a cell contains nonpentrating solutes at lower concentrations than the cell

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14
Q

define hypertonic and what happens to the cell

A

solution surrounding a cell contains nonpenetrating solutes at higher concentrations than the cell. Cell will shrivel

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15
Q

define isotonic

A

Concentration of nonpenetrating solutes of inside and outside the cell are balanced

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16
Q

Why do animal cells pump Na+ outside the cell

A

to keep fluids on either side of plasma membrane isotonic

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17
Q

What is the bilayer permeable to

A

gases (CO2, N2, O2), small hydrophobic and uncharged polar molecules (ethanol)

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18
Q

what is the bilayer slightly permeable to

A

urea and water

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19
Q

is glucose permeable to the membrane? How about fructose?

A

No, because even though they are uncharged polar molecules, they are too large

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20
Q

Are amino acids permeable to the membrane?

A

No

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21
Q

Is ATP permeable to the membrane?

A

No

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22
Q

Name 2 ways organisms maintain osmotic balance

A

Some cells use extrusion in which water is ejected through contractile vacuoles
Plant cells use turgor pressure to push cell membrane against cell wall and keep cell rigid

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23
Q

What is active transport

A

Moving substances against the gradient with a protein

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24
Q

Name 3 main functions of active transport

A

uptake of essential nutrients from fluid surrounding cells when concentrations are higher in cells,
removal of secretory or waste material even when…
maintenance of intracellular concentrations of H+ Na+ K+ Ca2+

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25
Q

What is membrane potential and how do you make it

A

Electrical charge difference (voltage) across a membrane using active transport of ions

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26
Q

What are some examples where we see membrane potential

A

neurons and muscle cells in response to a stimulus

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27
Q

What are the two types of active transport

A

Primary active transport and secondary active transport

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28
Q

What is primary active transport

A

Directly uses ATP to fuel active transport to move substances from low to high concentration with carrier proteins

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29
Q

Name an example of Primary active transport

A

Sodium potassium pump

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30
Q

How many potassiums and sodiums are involved in a single pump for the sodium potassium pump? Where does each molecule go

A

3 Na+ and towards outside of cell and 2 K+ going inside of cell

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31
Q

Go into detail of the steps of sodium potassium pump

A

1) carrier protein intially has higher affiniity for sodium and is open to inside the cell (inward facing conformation) so Na+ from inside attaches to protein
2) ATP is attached to protein hydrolysis occurs to release one phosphate and attach to the protein
3) protein conforms to outward facing, and now has a higher affinity for K+. Bc of this, Na+ is released out of cell and K+ out of cell goes into protein
4) dephosphorylation occurs and phosphate goes away and proteins goes back to inward face, releasing K+ into cell

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32
Q

Describe what happens in Calcium pump

A

Ca2+ from cytoplasm into cell exterior and from cytosol into vesicles of ER

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33
Q

What does the Calcium gradient regulate

A

cellular activities such as secretion, microtubule assembly, and muscle contraction

34
Q

In muscle contraction, calcium pumps release Ca2+ from where and into where

A

Ca2+ stored in vesicles into a muscle fiber

35
Q

What is secondary active transport

A

indirectly uses ATP. Use an ion concentration gradient established by a primary pump as an energy source. Transfer of solute is coupled with transfer of ion that supplies the driving force. IE use energy released from ion going with gradient to move solute against gradient

36
Q

Describe symport/symporter

A

solute and driving ion move through the membrane channel in the same direction

37
Q

describe antiport

A

the solute and driving ion move through the membrane channel in opposite directions

38
Q

What is coupled transport, name an example

A

driving ion moves with solute molecule. Use the energy released when a molecule moves my diffusion to supply energy to active transport of solute. Glucose Na+ for example

39
Q

What is endocytosis

A

occurs when proteins and other substances are trapped in pit-like inward depressions from plasma membrane

40
Q

describe non-specific endocytosis (bulk endocytosis) and name an example

A

its not specific, pinocytosis- cell takes in only fluid (non specific)

41
Q

Name an example of specific endocytosis and generalize it

A

receptor mediated endocytosis, specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor

42
Q

Describe what happens in receptor mediated endocytosis

A

1) target molecules are bound to receptor proteins on outside cell surface
2) receptors (integral membrane protein) recognize and bind only specific molecules in ECF
3) receptors with target molecule collect in a depression called coated pit
4) clathrin coat reinforce cytoplasmic side of coated pit
5) pit pinches off and form endocytic vesicle, may fuse with lysosome

43
Q

Molecular products (like amino acids or monosaccharides) cross vesicle membrane how?

A

with transport proteins

44
Q

What are phagocytes and what are some examples

A

Examples are protists such as amoeba in bloodstream.

They take in large particles or whole cells by phagocytosis

45
Q

Describe the steps into phagocytosis

A

1) surface receptors bind to materials to be taken in
2) cytoplasmic lobes extend and surround the materials, form a pit that pinches off as a large endocytic vesicle
3) enzymes digest the material, and the cell sequesters residues into storage vesicles or expels them by exocytosis

46
Q

What is the role of aquaporin in the human body.

What if there is a mutation in the aquaporin gene

A

Responsible for urine formation, if theres a mutation then results the inability to make concentrated urine.

47
Q

What are the two states of energy

A

kinetic and potential

48
Q

Name 4 forms of energy

A

chemical, thermal, electrical and radiant

49
Q

what is energy transfer

A

movement of energy from one place to another or conversion of energy from one form to another

50
Q

Energy is transferred between what in a chemical reaxtion

A

Between reactants and products and their surroundings.

51
Q

Denaturation affects which structure(s)?

A

secondary, tertiary, quatnerary

52
Q

What is the central region where there is DNA in prokaryotes called? Eukaryotes

A

Nucleoid and Nucleus (true nucleus)

53
Q

Describe the process of excreting materials to outside membrane (specifically budding and fusion)

A

Proteins start to bud from a compartment (typically golgi body) and coat proteins are added outside of the vesicle to fully bud off the compartment, then it uncoats in the cytosol and the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and release the proteins outside

54
Q

what is the equivalent of the stroma in the chloroplasts to the mitochondria?

A

matrix

55
Q

what kind of bonds are in primary structure in protein

A

peptide bonds

56
Q

what kind of bonds in secondary structure

A

peptide bonds and hydrogen bonds

57
Q

what kind of bonds in tertiary/quaternary bonds

A

hydrogen bonds, peptide bonds, salt bridges/ionic, van der wals, disulfide bonds, peptide bonds

58
Q

who discovered cells and what year

A

Robert Hooke 1665

59
Q

who proposed cell theory and what year

A

Schwann and Schleiden 1838-39

60
Q

what is resolution

A

the amount of distance a microscope can see by seeing 2 distinct objects

61
Q

what is the resolution of light microscopes? electron microscopes?

A

200nm and .2nm

62
Q

what organelles can you see with a light microscope

A

nucleus and mitochondria

63
Q

what organelles can you see with an electron microscope

A

everything basically

64
Q

what is the space called between the bilayers of the mitochondria

A

intermembrane space

65
Q

what is the liquid of the nucleus called

A

nucleoplasm

66
Q

in the nuclear localization experiment, which amino acids were deleted for the proteins to not localize in the nucleus

A

127-133

67
Q

name the layers of the prokaryotic cell from surface to inside

A

capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane

68
Q

Are positive amino acids basic or acidic? How about negative amino acids

A

positive amino acids are basic, negative are acidic

69
Q

For cell fractionation, what is the top liquid called after centrifuging

A

supernatant

70
Q

For cell fractionation, at what g do we see what organelles (3, name all of the steps)

A

500g its nuclei
20,000g its mitochondria (and cholorplasts)
150,000g its ribosomes, nucleic acids and proteins.

71
Q

what is the membrane potential (voltage) that resulted from the sodium potassium pump

A

-50mV to -200mV inside the membrane

72
Q

what kind of coupled transport is the sodium glucose pump

A

symport

73
Q

name an example of a quaternary structure

A

hemoglobin is made up of 2 alpha and 2 beta

74
Q

can cholesterol and other steroids pass through the membrane

A

yes

75
Q

whats the difference between centrosome and centriole

A

centrosome contain 2 centrioles

76
Q

does the sodium potassium pump start inward facing or outward facing and which molecule does it have a higher affinity for in the beginning

A

it starts inward facing and has a higher affinity for sodium

77
Q

what is invagination

A

creating a cavity by creating a pouch or folding in on itself

78
Q

what is the main property a sulfhydryl group gives

A

ability to create disulfide links

79
Q

what is the main property a carboxyl group gives

A

acidic

80
Q

what is the main property a amine group gives

A

basic

81
Q

what is the main property a phosphate group give

A

weakly acidic, can bridge 2 organic molecules

BIOL 2325 (9 decks)

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