first quiz info Flashcards
What is a hydroxyl group and what is the suffix
-OH, adds cohol
what is a carbonyl group and what is the suffix
–O, aldehyde if at the end (-hyde) and ketone if in the middle (-tone)
what is a carboxyl group and what is the suffix
-ooh, adds acid
what is an amine group
-NH2
what is a phosphate group
POOOO with one double bond
what is a sulfhydryl group
SH, thiols
what are isomers and what are the different kinds
molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula but different molecular structures. Structural isomer have a different arrangement of atoms, while stereoisomers differ in how groups atached. Enantiomers are mirror image molecules like chiral carbon or d-sugars and L-sugars
Whats the difference between glucose and fructose
Glucose is an aldehyde while fructose is a ketone
Whats the difference in Glucose and Galactose
Hydroxyl group on 4th carbon on glucose is below the plane while above the plane for galactose
what kind of isomer is glucose/fructose. How about glucose/galactose
Structural isomer, stereo isomer
What is a polymer
Linking monomers
What are monomers
small, simliar chemical subunits
What is dehydration synthesis
Formation of large molecules by removal of water, monomer –> polymer
What is Hydrolysis
breakdown of large molecules by addition of water, polymer–> monomer
If you have 10 monosaccharides, how many waters will come out through dehydration synthesis
9 waters
if you have 5 linking saccharides to make a polysaccharide, how many water molecules do you need to break them all apart
4 waters
What is the usual ratio for carbohydrates
1:2:1 carbon hydrogen oxygen (CH2O)
Do CH covalent bonds hold much energy
yes
How many carbons does a monosaccharide typically have
3-7 carbons
how many monosaccharides to make a disaccharide, how about polysaccharide?
2 then 10+
What polysaccharides are we responsible for knowing and what are the function. What are their linkages?
glycogen in animal (alpha 1 –>4 and 1–>6) and starch (amylose) in plants (alpha 1.4), for energy. Cellulose in plants and chitin for fungi and arthropods for structural support (both beta 1,4)
what are the 3 common monosaccharide that we need to know
glucose, fructose, and galactose
What can monosaccharides with 5+ carbons do
Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbon like glucose can fold back on themselves and through a reaction between 2 functional groups, can make a ring form
What are the two different enantiomers for glucose
alpha glucose has the OH group of the first carbon below the plane while beta glucose has it above the plane
What kind of bond is made to link carbohydrates
glycosdic bond
What monosaccharides make maltose and what kind of bond
glucose and glucose, alpha (1–>4) linkage
what monosaccharides make sucrose and what kind of bond
glucose and fructose, alpha (1–>2)
what monosaccharide makes lactose and what kind of bond
glucose and galactose, beta (1–>4)
What are polysaccharides
linked monosaccharides. May be linear,unbranched or branched
What kind of bond are linear, unbranched polysaccharides
alpha (1–>4)
what kind of linkages are branch polysaccharide and which polysaccharide branches?
glycogen, alpha (1–>4) linear and alpha (1–>6) when branching
For cellulose and chitin, what kind of bond
beta (1–>4)
What are the different kinds of lipids and their main function
neutral lipids store energy, phospholipids for cell membrane, steroids for hormones
What are fatty acids
a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end
what are the two types of neutral lipids
oils which are liquid at biological temp and fats that are semi solid
What are triglycerides and how many waters are made from forming one
they have a 3 carbon glycerol and 3 fatty acid side chains, so 3 waters produced
Are triglycerides polar and why or why not
no because dehydration synthesis eliminates the polar groups of the glycerol
What kind of covalent bond for triglyeride formation and of what functional groups
ester linkage between COOH of the fatty acid and the OH of the glycerol
What are the functions of triglycerides (3)
energy reserve for animals, insulation for mammals and bird, also make bird feather waterproof
whats a saturated fatty acid
fatty acid with max number of hydrogen atoms, so only single bonds and no rings
fatty acid with one double bond are called what, what if it has more
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
why are unsaturated fats liquid
since there are double bonds, then there are kinks and can’t stack nicely so are liquid at room temp
what kind of enzyme do you need to digest lactose? sucrose?
lactase and sucrase
what kind of bonds are in trans fat
double bonds, also its tastier
What are phospholipids composed of
glycerol, 2 fatty acid (non-polar tails) and a phosphate group (polar head)
what are the four types of phospholipids we need to know
phosphatidyl serine, ethanolamine, choline, inositol
What is a phospholipid bilayer and how are the two ends different
phospholipids make a bilayer (or circle micelles) where the phosphate head faces the water and the fatty acid non polar tail forms a hydrophobic inside layer
How are waxes formed
Fatty acids combine with long chain alcohols or hydrocarbon structures
What do steroids look lke
3 hexose rings and 1 pentose ring
What are sterols and what are some examples
common steroids with a single polar OH grouped linked at one hexose end a nonpolar complex hydrocarbon chain on the pentose end (like cholesterol or phytosterol)
How are testosterone and estradiol different in molecular formula
testosterone has a CH3 and –O while estradiol has an OH
What are some other lipids in plants that absorb light and convert it to chemical energy
chlorophyll and carotenoids
What do lipids and carbohydrates form? Lipids and proteins?
glycolipids, lipoproteins
What are the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids and how are they bonded
Nucleotides, Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), phosphodiester bonds
what are nucleotides made of
5 carbon Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
how do nucleosides and nucleotides differ
nucleosides are sugar and nitrogenous base while nucleotides have phosphate
What are the sugar names for DNA and RNA
deoxyribose and ribose
What are the purines and how do you identify them
Adenine and guanine, 2 rings
What are the pyrimidines and how do you identify them
thymine, cytosine, uracil and 1 ring
What is the name of a 1 phosphate nucleotide? 2? 3?
adenosine monophosphate (AMP), ADP, ATP
How many bonds for AT or AU. How about CG
2 hydrogen bonds, 3 H bonds
How does deoxyribose from ribose in its molecular formula
Theres an OH in the 2’ carbon in RNA, H in DNA
which carbon are the phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon sugar
5’ carbon
What are the base pairing rules
AT in DNA, AU in RNA, CG in both
What is the function of DNA
encodes information for amino acid sequence of proteins, sequence of bases
What carbons of the sugar backbone connect to the phosphate
5’carbon and 3’ carbon
How does a chain make a template for DNA replication
The 2 chains that make up DNA split up and each chain can make another chain thanks to base pairing rules, therefore making 2 new chains from one double helix
How does RNA molecules make double helical regions
Even though they are single polynucleotide chains, they can fold back on themselves
What are hybrid double helices
An RNA chain paired with a DNA chain when RNA copies DNA
What are some other nucleotides that aren’t ATCGU that we need to know and what are their functions
ATP which is the primary energy currency of the cell, and NAD+ and FAD+ which are electron carriers for many cellular reactions
How do you determine which is the 5’ chain and the 3’ chain of DNA
5’ is phosphate end while 3’ is hydroxyl end
What are some functions of proteins
Structural support, enzymes, movement, transport, recognition and receptor molecules, regulation of proteins and dna, hormones, antibodies, toxins and vemons
What are the polymers of proteins and monomers
polymer is protein, monomer is amino acid which contains both an amine and carboxyl group
What are the non polar amino acids
Alanine, leucine, isoleucine, glycine, phenylalanine, methionine
what are the polar uncharged amino acids
threosine, tyrosine
what are the negatively charged amino acids
aspartic acid
what are the positively charged amino acid
lycine
What amino acid has a sulfhydryl group and what kind of linkage can it produce
cysteine and disulfide linkage
How is proline different
it has a ring structure that includes a central carbon atom that bonds to a COOH group and –NH on the other side
Can all amino acids act as acid or base?
yes, Base by accepting an H+ o the amino group and acid by donating an H+ on the carboxyl group
What kind of bonds do proteins use
covalent peptide bonds
What is an Nterminal end and a Cterminal end and which end do new amino acids add onto
N-terminal has an amino group while C-terminal is carboxyl group. New amino acids are added onto c-terminal
What are the 4 levels of protein structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
whats the difference between cystine and cysteine
cystine is made by the combination of two cysteine
what is a primary structure
the precise sequence in which amino acids are linked.
How much does a change in primary structure affect the other levels
a single alter will change secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures which can destroy the function of a protein.
what is a secondary structure of a protein
the amino acid chain (primary structure) folded.
what is the alpha helix of a secondary structure protein
amino acid twisted into a regular right hand spirals, spaced regularly by hydrogen bonds and forms rod like structures
what is the beta strand/sheet of a secondary structure protein
the amino acid chain zigzags in a flat plane, either anti parallel or parallel, regularly spaced with hydrogen bonds
What does a random coil do for alpha helix or beta strands
random coils are irregular folded arrangement which allow alpha and beta to fold back on themselves and act as hinges
what is tertiary structure of a protein and what bonds does it use
3d shape by conformation, use disulfide linkage, hydrogen bonds.
What does the tertiary structure determine
its function and solubility (depends on arrangement of polar and nonpolar segments)
what is denaturation and what can cause it. Also what is it called if its reversibile
unfolding a protein which loses its structure and function. Caused by change in pH, chemicals, or high temps. Renaturation
what are guide proteins called and what is their purpose
Chaperone proteins aka chaperonins bind temporarily with new proteins and help conform them into their tertiary structure
what are quaternary structures and what bonds do they use
the arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains. Use hydrogen bonds, polar and nonpolar attractions, disulfide linkages. Also chaperonin are involved
what are functional domains
subdivisions in folding amino acid chains that have individual functions in a protein that has multiple functions
what are motifs in domains
3d arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domains and are highly specialized regions.
what do proteins and lipids make and their function
lipoproteins, part of cell membrane
what do proteins and carbohydrates make and their function
glycoproteins.Enzymes, antibodies, recognition, receptor molecules and parts of extracellular supports
what do proteins and nucleic acids make and what are their function
nucleoproteins and form structures such as chromosomes
Do most proteins have an alpha helix and beta sheet?
yes
What are the three parts of cell theory
all organisms are composed of one or more cells
cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms
cells arise by division of the previous cell
How are cells limited
limited to surface area to volume ratio since if you double surface area, you 4x volume
What are some examples of lipoproteins
LDL and HDL
what are the two type of microscopes
light and electron
how do some cells increase surface area without increasing much volume
extensions or folds
what is the plasma membrane made out of
phospholipids and protein molecules (transport protein channel)
What does the cytoplasm contain and where is it
cytosol and cytoskeleton and its between the plasma membrane and central region
what is the cytosol
the aqueous solution containing ions, organelles and organic molecules
what is the function of the cytoskeleton
it maintains cell shape and play key roles in cell division and chromosome segregation
What domains are prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea
What domain is eukaryotes
Eukarya
what is the plasma membrane surrounded by in prokaryote
a rigid cell wall coated with polysaccharide (glycocalyx)
what is glycocalyx
a slime layer but when firmly attached it is a capsule
what does the plasma membrane of a prokaryote contain
molecular systems that metabolize food molecules (or light energy) into the chemical energy of ATP
what is the function of flagella in prokaryote
it rotates through a socket and pushes the cell
what is the function of pili
it attaches the prokaryotic cell onto other cell, sex pilus for mating (conjugation)
what are the three common shapes of prokaryotes
spherical, rod like and spiral.
Describe the DNA in a prokaryote
a prokaryotic chromosome is a single circular molecule located in the nucleoid
describe how proteins are made in prokaryotes
DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) and then carried to ribosomes into cytoplasm which assemble amino acids into proteins
How is the eukaryotic nucleus different from the prokaryote nucleus
it has a bounded membrane nucleus. Has a nuclear envelop and much more information and is divided into multiple linear chromosomes
what is the nucleolus and where is it located
it is found within the nucleus and it is where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place. Ribosomal subunits are formed here and exit through the nuclear pores
how many bilayers does the nuclear envelop have
2 phospholipid bilayers
what are lamins
a network of protein filaments that reinforce the nuclear envelope
what do nuclear pores do
they control and regulate the passage of molecules in and out
how many chromosomes does a eukaryotic cell have
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
what is the liquid in the nucleus called
nucleoplasm
what is chromatin and where is it located
A combination of DNA and proteins and inside nucleus
How do proteins know where to go
localization signal
