Second Midterm Part 1 Flashcards
True or False:
Research has shown that complex auditory capabilities are present at birth.
True
innate capacity for categorical speech perception
True or False:
The Eimas et al. used high-amplitude sucking procedure with 1 and 4 month olds to determine how they perceived differences in VOT; infants show the same categorical perception as adults
True
True or False:
Kuhl and Meltzoff found that 24 of 32 infants between 18 and 20 weeks of age preferred to look at a film of a face that matched the vowel utterance they were hearing (/a/ vs /i/)
True
What are the components of the Auditory-Vocal Link?
A.) Input: Auditory Perception and Processing
B.) Output: Speech and Spoken Langauge Organization & Production
C.) Input: Speech and Spoken Language Organization & Production
D.) Output: Auditory Perception and Processing
E.) Both A and B
E - A and B
Input: Auditory Perception and Processing
Output: Speech and Spoken Language Organization & Production
True or False:
If auditory input is compromised, spoken language will not be negatively impacted
False
If auditory input is compromised, spoken language will be negatively impacted
The infant brain is very plastic: it is influenced by patterns of ______ activity from the ______
auditory ; periphery
____ levels of the pathway (from brainstem up) can be stimulated by ______ input.
all ; auditory
The auditory system becomes functional around _____ weeks of gestation.
25
Around the third trimester the infant is able to recognize his/her _______ voice and native language.
mother’s voice
There are how many postnatal stages of auditory development?
A.) 5
B.) 3
C.) 2
D.) 6
E.) 7
B - 3
Stage I of postnatal auditory development consists of:
______ encoding of _______ characteristics of ______
neural ; fundamental ; sound
Stage II of postnatal auditory development consists of:
using of _______ in sound in _______ ways
information ; specific
Stage III of postnatal auditory development consists of:
________ sound in more of an ______ way
approach ; adult
The following happens during Stage I of Neural Encoding:
A.) develop the neural encoding of auditory input
B.) Immature frequency discrimination
C.) Immature frequency resolution
D.) poorer hearing thresholds than adults
E.) all of the avove
E - all of the above
True or False:
In general auditory evoked potentials tend to improve as child grows older
True
During Stage II - Increasing Specificity and Selectivity the following occurs:
A.) Developing the ability to pull out speech from noise
B.) Use new information to distinguish sounds
C.) Ability to attend to finer details as opposed to global cues
D.) Fine temporal tuning
E.) all of the above
E - All of the above
During Stage III - Flexibility in Sound Processing the following occurs:
A.) Neural mechanisms involved in coding sound mature
B.) Children become more specific in the way that they listen to sound
C.) Children between 9 and 12 years of age are less flexible in their ability to identify sounds when given one cue as opposed to multiple cues
D.) Are able to choose acoustic information to identify sounds by late teenage years
E.) All of the above
E - all of the above
Auditory Development consists of four domains and they are:
HINT: D.D.I.C
Detection ; Discrimination; Identification ; Comprehension
Within the domain of Detection there are subskills that are an integral part of auditory development:
HINT:
A.D.L.P
Auditory Attention ; Distance Hearing ; Localization ; Patterning
True or False:
Discrimination’s subskil; is self monitoring
True
Identification has two subskills:
HINT: S.P.
Sequential Memory, Processing
Define Detection:
hearing a sound without knowing what it means or where it came from
Define Auditory Attention:
anticipating or paying attention to auditory signals over short to longer periods of time
Define Distance Hearing:
attending to sounds in distance
Define Localization:
searching for sounds
Define Patterning:
differentiating between sounds based the patterns of those sounds
Define Self-Monitoring:
monitoring information through listening and modifying speech productions based on what was heard, especially as it was related to duration, rhythm, pitch, loudness, vowels and consonant sounds
Identification is close to discrimination but the child labels by ______, _______, or _______ the stimulus heard.
repeating ; pointing ; writing
Auditory Sequential Memory is the _____, ______, and _____ auditory information and language it was presented.
storing ; remembering ; recalling
Auditory Processing is making ______ judgments about was ________.
cognitive ; heard
In order for comprehension to take place the following needs to be present:
auditory memory and sequencing
Some of the challenges faced for children with hearing loss:
A.) Early identification of hearing loss
B.) Early, consistent use of advanced hearing instruments
C.) Early access to auditory-based language learning in the home
D.) Access to knowledgeable and skilled professionals
E.) All of the above
E - all of the above
Define neural plasticity:
the ability for change to occur in the sensory system responsible for the transmission of sensory input
Some of the peripheral changes you see in deafness are:
A.) degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons
B.) More degeneration in the basal turn
C.) degeneration in the peripheral process first, then cell body and axons
D.) Less degeneration in the basal turn
E.) All except for D
E
True or False:
The central changes that happens with deafness is “downregulation” or the cell changes in size, activity, and synaptic structure.
True
True or False:
Typically developing children learn speech and spoken language through audition.
True
True or False:
Majority of children who are deaf or hard of hearing are using spoken language and learning in regular education settings.
True
What is happening in this picture?
Degeneration of peripheral neurons (8th nerve) due to long-term deafness
What is the Ling-Six Sound Test?
daily perceptual check of detection and discriminatin of speech sounds
*six sounds representing the frequency range of the entire speech spectrum
/u/,/m/,/a/,Sh,/s/
What is Developmental Psychoacoustics?
the study of how human listeners hear, detect, discriminate and identify basic characteristics of sound
Three important questions concerning hearing in infants and children are:
effect of development; effect of methodology; and effects of non-auditory processes
True or False;
Auditory Sensitivity thresholds are greater than infants and children in comparison to adults
False - auditory sensitivity thresholds are poorer than infants and children in comparison to adults
At 3 months, thresholds are _____ dB greater than adults
15-30
At 6-12 months, thresholds are about ___ higher than adults
10
Prior to 6 months of age, thresholds are closer to adults in _________ frequencies.
low
There is a significant improvment in sensitivity between 3 and 6 months in the ______ frequencies.
high
The reason due to improvement in higher frequencies is due to _________.
inner ear maturation
The reason as to why auditory sensitivity improvement in the low and mid frequencies is due to ________.
outer and middle ear maturation
In the Sinnot and Aslin study found intensity difference limens of ___ to ____ dB for infants, with adults showing a different limen of 1.78 dB.
3 ; 12
Intensity Discrmination appears to be adult-like at:
A.) 3 years of age
B.) 5 years of age
C.) 8 years of age
D.) 6 years of age
E.) 10 years of age
D - 6 years of age
What is auditory temporal resolution?
the shortest time period which the ear can discriminate two signals
Temporal Resolution becomes adult-like around:
A.) 9 years of age
B.) 7 years of age
C.) 6 years of age
D.) 4 years of age
E.) 2 years of age
C - 6 years of age
Infants have _____ tuning curves than adults at 4 and 8 kHz.
broader
The auditory filter widths mature between _____ and _____ months.
3 ; 6
Some of the perceptual consequences infants have as broadband listeners are:
A.) sensitivity to features adults don’t hear
B.) more distracted by non-relevant stimuli
C.) higher thresholds for tone in noise and susceptibility to masking in everyday life
D.) Only B
E.) A, B, and C
E
In the Werner and Bargones study found that infants had significantly _____ thresholds in noise than in quiet.
higher
True or False:
The Muir and Field study found that full-term newborns would turn toward the sound of a rattle on 75 to 90% of trials.
True
Infants will only lateralize sounds only in a lateral plane until approximately ____ months.
A.) 8 months
B.) 6 months
C.) 5 months
D.) 7 months
E.) 10 months
D - 7 months
Between 7 and 9 months infants will start to localize sounds ______ them.
A.) In front of
B.) below
C.) above
D.) beside
E.) behind
B - below them
Between 13 and 16 months infants will start to localize sounds that are _____ them.
A.) above
B.) behind
C.) beside
D.) below
E.) in front of
A - above
