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Microbio final > second colloq > Flashcards

second colloq Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition types of microorganisms

A

Autotrophs (from Carbon dioxide)

  • Photoautotrophs
  • Chemoautotrophs (from inorganic molecules)

Heterotrophs (Carbon from other organisms)

  • Photoheterotrophs (Energy from light but Need Carbon)
  • Chemoheteritrophs (from organic molecules)
    • -> Paratrophs (from carbohydrates)
    • -> Metatrophs (from starch, Cellulose, glycogen)
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2
Q

Passive Diffusion vs active transport

A

PASSIVE DIFFUSION

  • by porins
  • Ions and small hydrohilic molecules

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

  • by permeases –> phototransferase system
  • PEP in cytoplasm –> Energy and Phosphate to permease –> Phosphate to sugar –> sugar across membrane –> phosphorylated sugar in cell
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3
Q

Bacterial metabolism

A

sum of all chemical processes occuring in bacterial cell

catabolism: release of Energy by Breaking complexed; involves electron transfer
anabolism: requires Energy to build complexes

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4
Q

Bacterial enzymes

A 
Oxidoreductase
Transferase
Hydrolase --> Addition of water
Lyase --> breaks a compound
Isomerase
Ligase --> joining of two molecules using ATP
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5
Q

Aerobes
Anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Microaerophiles

A

AEROBES:

  • require Oxygen
  • final acceptor of electrons is Oxygen

ANAEROBES:

  • Oxygen is toxis
  • final acceptor of eletrons is Oxygen containing inorganics

FACULTATIVE ANAEROBICS
- can grow in both ways

MICROAEROPHILES

  • require only very Little amount of Oxygen
  • most of them are capnophiles
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6
Q

Energy production in glycolysis

A
  • 2ATP, 2NADH, 2 Pyruvate
  • under both anaerobic and Aerobic conditions

1- Substrate Level phosphorylation
2- six-carbon Glucose infot two three-Carbon molecules
3- Transfer of 2 electrons to NAD
4- capture of enegery in ATP

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7
Q

Energy production TCA cycle

A
  • 38 ATP –> only in Aerobic conditions

1- oxidation of Carbon
2- Transfer of 2 electrons to coenzymes
3- capture of Energy in ATP

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8
Q

Energy production in PPP

A
  • NADPH, 1 ATP

- pentoses are broken down

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9
Q

Stickland reaction

A
  • Energy production using amino acids
  • Alanine –> Acetate –> 1 ATP generated
  • Proline –> 5 - Aminovalerate
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10
Q

Phases of bacterial growth in culture medium

A

1- Lag Phase: no increase in number but it mass; Adaptation of metabolism
2- Acceleration Phase
3- Log Phase: cell Count increases logarythmically
4- Deceleration Phase
5- Stationary Phase: Exhaustion of nutrients, incr. toxic metabolites
6- Death phase

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11
Q

Types of culture media

A 
Selective media
Nonselective media
Differential diganostic media
Specialized media
Chemically defined media --> used for cultivation of mammalian cells
Transport media
Strorage media
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12
Q

Cultivation Methods for areobic and anaerobic pure cultures

A

AREOBIC:

  • pour plate
  • streak plate

ANAEROBIC:

  • pre-reduced media (boiled, reducing Agent, Nitrogen, tube)
  • Anaerobic chamber (hydrogen, Co2, Nitrogen, catalyst System)
  • Anaerobic jar (water to gas Generator envelope in jar)
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13
Q

Organization of bacterial genome

A

Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial Plasmid
–> replicons
–> episomes

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14
Q

Mutations in microorganisms

A
  • Transition
  • Transversion
  • Silent Mutation
  • Missense Mutation
  • Nonsense Mutation –> stop codon
  • Conditional Mutation
  • Frameshift Mutation
  • Null mutation
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15
Q

Repari mechanisms of the DNA in bacteria

A
  • direct DNA repair
  • Excision repair
  • Recombinational repair
  • SOS repair
  • Error-prone repair
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16
Q

Bacterial transformation

A

Purpose: to introduce a foreign Plasmid into Bacteria

1- naked DNA Fragments near cell
2- Entry of naked DNA
3- Recombination
4- DNA that has not recombined is broken down by enzymes

17
Q

Bacterial transduction

A

importance: one mechanism by which antibiotic drugs become ineffective due to the Transfer of antibiotic resistance genes

1- heads of bacteriophages with DNA
2- tails are attached to heads
3- Bacterial cell released infective phages
4- Phage attaches and inserts its DNA
5- Phage DNA inserts itself as prophage intp chromosome
6- Phage DNA directs the cell’s metabolism to produce viral components
7- Empty Phage heads produced
–> LYTIC CYLCE

LYSOGENIC CYCLE
- prophage replicates and binary fission occurs before viral components are produced

18
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

–> Transfer of DNA from a donor bacterial cell to a recipients bacterial cell in the conjugal process involving cell-to cell contact

1- Plasmid produced
2- Conjugation Bridge produced
3- Conjugation complete
4- New cell with extra copies of certain genes

19
Q

Why is human microbiome important?

A
  • metabolism of Food products
  • protects against infections
  • essential grwoth factors
  • stimulates immune response
20
Q

Microbial flora of Skin and Eye and Ear

A

SKIN

  • gram-positive
  • fungi Candida in moist sites

EYE AND EAR

  • outer ear: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus
  • suruface of eye: same
  • Disease: S.pneumoniae, S. Aureus, H.influenzae
21
Q

Flora in upper and lower respiratory tract

A

UPPER RESP. TRACT
- Disease: S. pneumoniae, s. Aureus, H, influenzae

LOWER RESP. TRACT

  • generally sterile
  • chronic aspriration –> anaerobes –> peptostreptococcus
22
Q

Flora in Mouth, esophagus, stomach

A

MOUTH

  • streptococci, gram negative anaerobic rods
  • viruses and yeast like fungi

ESOPHAGUS

  • Bacteria, yeast-like fungi
  • viruses that cause disease: Herpes Simplex

STOMACH

  • lactic Acid producing Bacteria
  • Acid tolerant bacteria
23
Q

flora in small and large intestine

A

SMALL

  • anaerobes –> peptostreptococcus
  • yeast like fungi

LARGE

  • bifidobacterium, eubacterium
  • e. coli
24
Q

flora in anterior urethra, vagina, cervix

A

ANTERIOR URETHRA

  • lactobacilli, coagulase negative staphylococci
  • fecaes and Urine cause disease
  • disease: N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis

VAGINA

  • lactobacilli at birth for 6 weeks
  • staphylococci, streptococci, enterobacteria
  • puberty: lactobacilli reemerge
  • disease: N. gonorrheae, Herpes Simplex, Papillomavirus

CERVIX

  • not normally colonized with Bacteria
  • disease: n. gonorrhoeae, c.trachomatis, actinomyces
25
Q

Microbial flora of air, water, soil

A

PERSISTENT

  • air: micrococci, fungal Spores
  • water: specific aquatic Aerobic microorganisms
  • soil: Nitrogen Fixing, Cellulose Splitting, pigmented bacteria, fungi, protozoa

TRANSIENT

  • air: by sneezing, coughing (influenza)
  • water: by feceas or Urine (Salmonella, shingellae, e. coli)
  • soil: Faeces or Urine (eneterococci)
26
Q

harmless symbiosis

A
  • mutualism: both Benefit
  • Commensalism: one Benefits
  • Metabiosis: one creates Environment for other
  • Satellism: grwo better in presence of other
27
Q

Harmful symbiosis

A
  • antibiosis: detrimental to at least one
  • Competition: one takes away nutrients
  • Predation: one “eats” other
  • Parasitism: one lives at expense of other
28
Q

Effects of physical factors on microorganisms

A

PH

  • acidophiles
  • neutrophiles
  • alkaliphiles

TEMPERATURE

  • psychrophiles
  • mezophiles
  • thermophiles

RADIATION

  • ultraviolet light (denaturation of prot)
  • ionizin Radiation (damages nucleic acids)
  • microwave Radiation (water absorbs Energy of waves and released heat to surroundings)
  • strong visible light

ULTRASONIC WAVES
- cavitation effect, proteins denature

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

OSMOTIC PRESSURE
- high conc. of salt –> hyperosmotic condition –> plasmolysis –> death of cell

29
Q

Effects of chemical factors on micrororganisms

A
  • acids
  • Alkalis
  • heavy metals
  • alcohols
  • Phenols
  • dyes
30
Q

Effect of biological factors on microorganisms

A
  • natrual antibiotics: substances produced by certain fungi with toxic effect against Bacteria
  • Bacteriocins: Toxins produced by Bacteria to inhibit the grwoth og closely related Bacteria
  • Phytoncides: produced by plants in order to protect themselves
  • Bacteriophages: viruses infecting and causing Lysis of the bacterial cells
31
Q

Sterilization; methods

A

–> use of physical or chemical agents to destroy all microbial forms (including Spores)

PHYSICAL METHODS

  • dry heat
  • hot steam under pressure
  • ionizing Radiation
  • ultraviolet Radiation
  • ultrasonic waves
  • Filtration

CHEMICAL METHODS

  • ethylene oxide gas
  • Plasma gas
  • hydrogen peroxide gas
  • formaldehyde gas
32
Q

Disinfection

A

–> use of chemical agents to destroy most of microbial forms, bacterial Spores and resistant ones survive

HIGH LEVEL
- chlorine –> for surgical Instruments with plasitc that cannot withstand sterilization

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
- alcohols –> used to clean surfaces r Instruments

LOW LEVEL
- quaternary Ammonium compounds –> used to treat Instruments like blood pressure cuffs, stethoscopes…

33
Q

Antisepsis

A

–> use of chemical agents on Skin or other Living tissue to inhibit or eliminate microorganisms; Spores survive

  • iodophors
  • triclosan
34
Q

Main Groups of antibiotics and their mechanism of action

A

INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

  • inhibit synth. of peptidoglycan
  • inhibit cross linkage of peptidoglycan
  • inhibit synth. pf mycolic acids

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
- inhibits functions of bacterial 30S and 50S subunits

INHIBITORS OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS

  • inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase
  • inhibit polymerase ß subunit
  • disrupt bacterial DNA

ANTIMETABOLITES
–> inhibit Synthesis of tetrahydrofolic Acid

DISRUPTORS OF CELL MEMBRANE
–> bind to Phospholipids in cell membrane

Microbio final (6 decks)

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