missing stuff Flashcards
Candidiasis
MEDICALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES
- candida
- trichosporon
- malassezia
CANDIDA
- oval budding yeasts
- hyphae and pseudohyphae
- diagnostics: pina fish, maldi tof MS
Dermatomycoses
–> dimorphic fungi
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
- nondestructive
- tinea nigra: pigmented Patches primarily on Palms
CUTANEOUS MYCOSES
- infections of keratinized layer of Skin, hair, nails
- may become symptomatic
- itching, scaling, broken hairs, thickened nails
- trichophyton, Epidermophyton…
- -> calles dermatophytoses
SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES
- involves deeper layers of kin including Cornea, muscles, CT
- can cause abscess Formation, ulcers…
- infections may be caused by: hylaine molds, pigmented fungi
ENDEMIC MYCOSES
- caused by classic dimorphic fungal pathogens
- systemic mycoses –> can cause infections in healthy individuals
- produce a Primary infection in lung
OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES
- infections by fungi that are normally part of the normal human Environment
- more often in immunocompromised patients
LAB DIAGNOSTICS
- microscopy
- culture
- immunofluerescence
- Antigen test
- biochemical tests
Toxoplasmosis
TOXOPLASMA GONDII
- blood and tissue protozoa
- mechanism of spread: fecal oral, carnivorism
LAB DIAGNOSIS
- macroscopic
- microscopic
- serologic examination (Ab, Ag)
- nucleic Acid hybridization
- culture
Herpesviruses
MORPHOLOGY
- spherical
- outer envelope
- capsid - capsomere
- DNA core
DISEASES
HSV 1:
- Encephalitis, Pharyngitis, esophagitis, genital
HSV 2:
- Meningitis, oral, Pharyngitis, genital, neonatal
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- causes lifelong infection
- Transmission in saliva, vaginal secretions, lesion fluid
- HSV 1 usually orally and HSV 2 usually sexually
LAB DIAGNOSIS
- microscopy
- culture
- Enzyme immunoassay
- PCR
- HSV type distinction
TREATMENT
- antiviral drugs
- no vaccine
- prevention by gloves and Refrain from intercourse
PATHOGENESIS Virus 1
- Transport along peripheral sensory nerves
- site of viral latency: trigeminal ganglia
- site of active lesion: Virus replication in epithelium
Replication of herpesvirus
- attachment and Penetration
- protein Synthesis
- Genome replication
- exocytosis and release
Adenoviruses
BIOLOGY AND VIRULENCE
- naked icosadeltahedral capsid has fibers
- viruses are groupes A through G by DNA homologies and by serotypes
- seroype is mainly a result of differences in the penton base and Fiber protein
DISEASES respiratory diseases - pneumonia - pertussis like Syndrome - acute respiratory disease other diseases: - Hepatitis, Gastroenteritis, acute hemorrhagic cystitis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Transmission via respriatory droplets, fecal matter, close contact, inadequately chlorinated Swimming pools
- Children at Risk
- worldwide
LAB DIAGNOSIS
- cultures from epithelial cells
- immunofluorescence
- PCR
TREATMENT
- live vaccine for serotypes 4 and 7
PATHOGENESIS
- infects mucoepithelial cells in resp. tract, GI, conjunctiva or Cornea causing cell Damage
- Virus presists in lymphoid tissue
Influenza virus
BIOLOGY AND VIRULENCE influenza A Virus - hemagglutinin - neuraminidase - Lipid bilayer . Matrix protein - large, enveloped virion
- enveloped virion has Genome of 8 unique negative sense RNA Segments
DISEASES
- in adults: Fever, Malaise, sore throat, nonproductive cough
- in Children: higher fiver, GI Symptoms
- complications: pneumonia, cardiac Involvement, neurologic symptoms
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- spread by Inhalation
- elderly and immunocompromised People
- worldwide, more common in winter
LAB DIAGNOSIS
- culture
- ELISA
- immunofluorescence
- serology
- PCR
TREATMENT
- killes and live vaccines for strains A and B
- amantadine, rimantadine
PATHOGENESIS
- Aerosol inoculation
- replication in respiratory tract
- ->Interferon production
- -> T-cell responses
- -> antobody future protection
- Desquamation of mucus-secreting and ciliated cells
Replication of influenza virus
- binding
- uncoating
3- transcritption - protein Synthesis
5- replication
6- Assembly
7- budding, exit
Paramyxoviruses
BIOLOGY AND VIRULENCE
- Lipid bilayer
- glycoproteins
- matric protein
- nucleocapsid
- large virion surrounded by envelope with Attachement protein
- Virus replicated in cytoplasm
DISEASES
- measles: rash, conjunctivits, cough
- atypical measles: more intense rash
- postmeasles Encephalitis
- subactue sclerosing panecephalitis
Mumps
parainfluenza Virus
RSV: Rhinitis, Cold, bronchiolotis, pneumonia
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- only humans
- via droplets
- unvaccinated and malnourished People at Risk
- from autumn to spring –> crowding Indoors
LAB DIAGNOSIS
????
TREATMENT
measles
- live attenuated vaccine
- immune Serum Globulin after exposure (only measles)
no mode of Control for parainfluenza
PATHOGENESIS measles - in resp. tract - replication - lymphatic spread - viremia - wide Dissemination - conjunctiva, resp. tract, DNA, urinary tract, … - rash caused by T vell Response
Mumps:
- epithelial cells of resp. tract
- viremia
- infection of parotid Gland, Tests, and CNS
parainfluenza;
- infection limited to resp. tract
- does not cause viremia or become systemic
RSV
- localized infections of respiratory tract
- pneumonia, bronchiolotis, narrow airways result
Rabies virus
BIOLOGY AND VIRULECE
- M protein
- G glycoprotein
- ribonucleoprotein, nucleoprotein
- polymerase
- RNA
- replication on cytoplasm
DISEASES
rabies
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Virus induced aggressive behaviour in animals promotes spread
- wild, unvaccinated animals, bite
LAB DIAGNOSIS
????
TREATMENT
- vaccination of pets
- vaccination for People at Risk
- washing of wound
- antirabies Serum on wound
PATHOGENESIS
- Virus inoculated (bite)
- replication in muscle
- virion enters PNS
- passive ascent via sensory fibers
- replication in dorsal Ganglion and ascent in spinal cord
- infection of spinal cord, brainstem, Cerebellum…
- descending via NS to eye, salivary Glands, Skin…
stages:
- incubation Phase
- Prodrome phase
- neurologic Phase
- coma
- death
Rubella virus
BIOLOGY AND VIRULENCE
- enveloped, singe-stranded positive sense RNA
- togavirus replication includes early and late protein Synthesis
- replicate in cytoplasm
DISEASES
- cataracts, heart defects, deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- only humans
- via droplets
LAB DIAGNOSIS
???
TREATMENT
- live attenuated vaccine as part of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine
PATHOGENESIS
- mouth
- heticuloendothelial System: lymph nides, macrophages, liver, Spleen
- Primary viremia
- secondary viremia
- tissue and Skin
- placenta,fetus
Alphaviruses
BIOLOGY AND VIRULENCE
- enveloped, single-stranded positive sense RNA
- togavirus replication includes early and late protein Synthesis
- replicated in cytoplasm
DISEASES
- 2-3 days: mild or asymptomatic
- 3-7 days: mild systemic disease, Fever, aches, chills
- longer: Encephalitis, yellow Fever, Hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- enveloped Virus must stay wet
- specific arthopods transmit (like mosquitos from birds or mice to humans)
- disease more common in summer
LAB DIAGNOSIS
????
TREATMENT
- mosquito breeding sites and mosquitoes should be eliminated
- live attenuated yellew Fever vaccine and Japanese Encephalitis vaccine
Picornaviruses
BIOLOGY AND VIRULENCE
- virion naked, smal capsid enclosinf a single stranded positive RNA Genome
- enteroviruses resistnat to detergents, sewage Treatment, heat
- rhinoviruses more labule
- replicate incytoplasm
- most are cytolytic
DISEASES
- paralytic disease, Encephalitis, Fever, resp. tract infections
- Hepatitis
- Meningitis
- hand-foot mouth fisease
- myocarditis and pericarditis
EPIDEMIOLOGY enterovirus - fecal.oral - contaminated Food and water - via droplets
rhinovirus:
- direct contact via infected Hands
- via droplets
LAB DIAGNOSIS
????
TREATMENT
enterovirus:
- for Polio: live oral polia vaccine
- for other enteroviruses: no vaccine
PATHOGENESIS enteroviruses: - replication in Oropharynx - Primary viremia: bloodstream - antibody blockage - target tissue (liver, meninges, brain, muscle, Skin) - secondary viremia
Classification of Hepatitis viruses
- A (HAV): RNA virues
- B (HBV): DNA Virus
- C (HCV): RNA
- D (HDV): RNA
- E (HEV): RNA
Hepatitis A virus
STRUCTURE
- capsid
- RNA
- stable to Acid, detergents, salt water, drying
PATHOGENESIS.
- oral aquisition
- crosses intestintes
- blood
- bile
- stool
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- fecal-oral
- contaminated Food and water
- in shellfish from sewage contaminated water
LAB DIAGNOSIS.
- ELISA
TREATMENT
- Hygiene
- passive antibody protection for contacts
- killed vaccine
