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Linux Certification > Sec. 39. System INIT > Flashcards

Sec. 39. System INIT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first user-level process/task run on the system?

A

/sbin/init

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2
Q

where is the int file located ?

A

/sbin/int

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3
Q

init works with the kernel to clean up processes

when they have ____________.

A

ended/terminate

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4
Q

init _____________ the later stages of the boot process .

A

coordinates

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5
Q

what are two startup alternatives?

A
  1. Upstart
  2. systemd
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6
Q

Instead of bash scripts, systemd uses _____________.

A

.service files.

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7
Q

systemd

Swap units

A

Swap units,

are very similar to mount units and encapsulate memory swap partitions or files of the operating system.

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8
Q

the _____ program is emutated to work with runlevels .

A

telinit

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9
Q

systemd

socket units

A

Socket units,

which encapsulate local IPC or network sockets in the system, useful for socket-based activation.

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10
Q

Name some features of systemd and session manager:

A
  1. boots faster than previous init systems
  2. provides aggressive parallelizationcapabilities
  3. uses socket and D-bus activation for starting services
  4. Replaces shell script with programs
  5. Offers on-demand starting of deamons
  6. keeps tracks of processes using cgroups
  7. Maintains mount and automount points
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11
Q

Systemd sorts all ________ into their own Linux cgroups(control groups)

A

deamons

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12
Q

systemd

device units

A

Device units,

expose kernel devices in systemd and may be used to implement device-based activation.

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13
Q

systemd

Path units

A

Path units,

may be used to ativate other services when file system objects change or are modified.

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14
Q

With systemd what is the main utility for managing services?

A

systemctl

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15
Q

systemd

Target units

A

Target unit ,

are useful to group units, or provide well-known synchronization points furing boot-up

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16
Q

systemd

Slice units

A

Slice units,

may be used to group units which mange system processes in a hierarchical tree for resource management purposes.

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17
Q

what is the syntax of the systemctl command ?

A

systemctl [options] command [name]

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18
Q

How would I see/show the status of everything that systemctl controls?

A

$ systemctl

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19
Q

If I wanted to show all available services using systemctl what would

I do?

A

$ systemctl list-units -t service –all

20
Q

systemd

timer units

A

Timer units,

are useful for triggering avtivation of other units based on timers .

21
Q

systemctl

A
  • systemctl —control the systemd system and service manager
  • syntax—– systemctl [options] command [unit …]
  • discription:
    • ​​–systemctl may be used to introspect and control the state fo the “systemd” system and service manager
22
Q

list-units for systemctl

A
  • list-units
    • ​list units that systemd currently has in memory.
    • This includes units that are either referenced directly or through a dependency.
23
Q

define runlevel 1

A

single user mode

24
Q

list-sockets for systemctl

A
  • ​list-sockets ​
    • ​List socket unite currntly in memory, ordered by listening address.
    • If one or more PATTERNs are specified only the socket units matching one of them are shown.
25
Q

systemd

Service units

A

Service unit ,

which start and control daemons and processes they consist of .

26
Q

SysV

telinit

A

-change SysV runlevel

27
Q

define runlevel 0

A

shutdown the system adn turn power off

28
Q

telinit Description

A
  • Description:
    • telinit may be used to change SysV system runlevel. since the concept of SysV runlevels is obsolete the runlevel requests will be transparnently translated into systemd unit activation requests.
29
Q

wall

A
  • Name:
    • wall - write a message to all users
  • Synopsis:
    • wall [-n] [-t timeout] [-g group] [message \ file]
  • Description:
    • wall displays a message , or the contents of a file, or otherwise its standard input, o the terminals of all cuurntly logged inusers.
30
Q

describe the effect of the option list-timers for the command systemctl

A

list-timers option will list timer units currently in memory, ordered by the time they elapse next.

  • Understanding output:
    • NEXT - shows the next time the timer will run
    • LEFT - shows how long till the next time the timer runs
    • LAST - show the last time the timer ran
    • PASSED - show how long has passsed since the timer last ran
    • UNIT - shows teh name of the timer
    • ACTIVATES - shows the name the service the tmer activates when it runs
31
Q

loginctl

A
  • Name:
    • loginctl - Control the systemd login manager
  • Synopsis:
    • loginctl [options…] {command} [Name…]
  • Description:
    • loginctl may be used to introspect and contro the state of systemd login manager
32
Q

SysV

runlevel

A
  • Name
    • runlevel - Print previous and current SysV runlevel
  • Synopsis:
    • runlevel [options…]
  • Description:
    • “Runlevels” are an abosolete way to start and stop groups of services used in SysV init.
    • systemd provides compatibility layer thatmaps runlevels to targets, and associated binaries lik runlevel.
    • Nevertheless, only one runlevel can be “active” at a given time.
33
Q

what directory contains the System V init scripts?

A

/etc/init.d

34
Q

runlevel

A

runlevels which define different system states .

35
Q

define runlevel 2

A

Multiple user mode, no NFS , only text login

36
Q

what is the number range for runlevels?

A

0-6

37
Q

define runlevel 3

A

Multiple user ,with NFS, only test login

38
Q

Define runlevel 4

A

not used

39
Q

define runlevel 5

A

Mult

40
Q

init

A
  • configures all aspects of the environment
  • executes the later stages of the boot process
  • starts processes needed to login to the system.
  • located in /sbin/init
41
Q

what are the for phases of the boot process ?

A
  1. the bootstrap phase
  2. the bootloader phase
  3. the kernel phase
  4. system initialization
42
Q

the filesystem drivers for GRUB may be found where?

A

/boot/grub

43
Q

the GRUB menu is configured from what defualt GRUB configuration file?

some distributions use what alternate value?

A

/boot/grub/menu.lst

/boot/grub/grub.conf

44
Q

the grub.conf file is seperated into what two files ?

A
  1. gobal
  2. title
45
Q

how does GRUB access device names?

A

GRUB accesses devices via the BIOS

46
Q

What is the syntax for naming a device in the grub.conf file?

A

<device_type><drive_number><partition_number></partition_number>

47
Q

+

A

Linux Certification (35 decks)

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