Seborrhea, Malassezia, Otitis, Nodular Skin Diseases

Question 1

What is the normal timeframe/process of keratinization?

Answer 1

21-22days for a cell to migrate through the basal layer to, but not through, the stratum corneum

Question 2

What influences/regulates sebum production?

Answer 2

Regulated by hormones

Influenced by diet

Question 3

What is primary seborrhea?

Answer 3

Genetic defect where production of keratinocytes is faster than they are being shed, affects body folds

Question 4

What breeds are predisposed to primary seborrhea?

Answer 4

Cocker spaniels
Springer spaniels
Labradors
Westies
GSD
Bassets
Dachshunds 
Schnauzers

Question 5

What is Vitamin A Responsive Dermatosis?

Answer 5

Problem with keratinization that responds to Vitamin A therapy.

Vit A contains retinoids that regulate keratinization. (Hard to just be able to Rx retinoids because of teratogenic properties)

Question 6

What is Zinc Responsive Dermatosis?

Answer 6

Hyperkeratosis around eyes and commissure of mouth. These animals do not have a zinc deficiency, they just need EXTRA zinc

Question 7

What is a defining feature of parakeratosis?

Answer 7

Nucleus is contained in the stratum corneum (immature form of stratum corneum)

Question 8

What causes the majority of secondary seborrhea?

Answer 8

Endocrine problems

Question 9

What would a biopsy of endocrine dermatosis show?

Answer 9

Atrophy of epidermis and sebaceous glands,

Plugged follicles

Question 10

What are causes of secondary seborrhea?

Answer 10

Endocrine disorder
Allergy
Parasites 
Environmental
Lipid abnormalities
Infectious disease
Neoplastic disease

Question 11

What is malassezia?

Answer 11

Saprophytic, monopolar, lipophilic yeasts that colonize skin and mucocutaneous regions

Has a symbiotic relationship with staph

Disease is caused by hypersensitivity

Question 12

Are yeast numbers related to the severity of clinical signs?

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

What causes the odor in yeast infections?

Answer 13

Metabolism with lipid surface

Question 14

What are predisposing factors for malassezia?

Answer 14

High environmental humidity
Skin folds
Breed disposition

Question 15

A dog that has intense pruritus and does not respond to steroids probably has

Answer 15

Malassezia

Question 16

What characterizes malassezia in cats?

Answer 16

Chin acne

Facial dermatitis

Question 17

What is the treatment for malassezia?

Answer 17

Dogs- ketoconazole
Cats- itraconazole

Also, fluconazole (safe for liver), terbinafine, topical therapies

Question 18

What is otitis?

Answer 18

Inflammation of ear

Clinical sign, NOT A DISEASE

One of the most common disorders

Question 19

What are some predisposing factors for otitis externa?

Answer 19

Conformation (pendulous ears, stenosis, lots of hair)
Excessive moisture/humidity
Excessive cerumen production
Inappropriate treatment
Obstructive ear disease
Systemic disease

Question 20

What are some common parasites that cause otitis externa?

Answer 20

Otodectes cynotis (ear mite)
Otobius megnini (spinous ear tick)
Eutrombicula alfreddugesi (chiggers)
Otodemodecosis
Sarcoptes scabei var. Canis (scabies)
Notoedres cati (feline scabies)

Question 21

If you see thick, yellow crusts on an ear swab, what might you suspect the animal has?

Answer 21

Scabies

Question 22

If an animal has an acute, unilateral otitis, what might you suspect is causing it?

Answer 22

Foreign body

Question 23

If an animal has a chronic, bilateral otitis, what might you suspect it has?

Answer 23

An endocrinopathy

Question 24

What are some clinical signs of otitis externa?

Answer 24

Odor, head shaking, discharge, pruritus, aural hematoma, head tilt, pain, erythema, edema, lichenification, hyperpigmentation, excoriations, mineralization

Question 25

What is the most common cause of otitis media?

Answer 25

An extension of otitis externa

Question 26

What are important diagnostic procedures for otitis media?

Answer 26

``` Deep ear flush Otoscopy Cytology/culture Miringotomy (surgical rupture of TM) Imaging (Rads, CT, MRI) Biopsy ```

Question 27

What are cerumynolytitcs?

Answer 27

Used to soften impacted material prior to deep each flush Some are irritating and potentially ototoxic so need to be rinsed out

Question 28

What are acidifying agent used for (OM)?

Answer 28

Drying the ear canal and make it less habitable for microbes Don't use with AG

Question 29

What is Tris-EDTA?

Answer 29

Alkalizing and chelating agent that works well with AG and fluoroquinolnes

Question 30

In patients with otitis, when is it appropriate to use systemic antibiotics?

Answer 30

Only with otitis media or extremely severe/chronic otitis externa Always WITH topical therapy

Question 31

How long should you treat otitis media?

Answer 31

6-8 weeks of topical and sstemic antimicrobials

Question 32

What are nodules?

Answer 32

Solid elevations that extend deep int the dermal or SQ tissue Inflammatory or neoplastic

Question 33

What are the clinical signs of feline sporotrichosis?

Answer 33

Draining nodules on the head and distal limbs | Poor response to antibiotic therapy

Question 34

What is the treatment for sporothrichosis?

Answer 34

Itaconazole (cats) Ketoconazole Iodides

Question 35

What is kerion?

Answer 35

Reaction to dermatophytic infection characterized by nodular exudative lesion (Hunting dogs)

Question 36

What is dermatophytic pseudomycetoma?

Answer 36

SQ nodules most commonly on trunk | Persian cats

Question 37

What is pythiosis?

Answer 37

"Swamp cancer" characterized by rapidly developing and draining nodules and intense pruritus Seen on cytology with GMS stain Needs early diagnosis and aggressive surgery

Question 38

What is lagenidioss?

Answer 38

Oomyces infection from contaminated water that causes nodules and draining tracts

Question 39

What is zygomycosis?

Answer 39

Infection caused by sapropytic fungi that causes nodular lesions

Question 40

What is zygomycytes?

Answer 40

Clinically indistinguishable from pythiosis

Question 41

What is the most common cause of panniculitis?

Answer 41

Staph pseudointermedius

Question 42

What is the treatment for deep pyoderma?

Answer 42

2-3 months systemic antibiotics

Question 43

What is an acral lick granuloma?

Answer 43

Raised, ulcerated mass caused by licking Usually on extremities Increased incidence in large breeds

Question 44

What causes lesions in the ventral fat pads on abdomen of cats?

Answer 44

Mycobacteria | Treat with fluoroquinolones

Question 45

What is sterile nodular panniculitis?

Answer 45

Nodules have discharge but no bacteria Dachshunds, collies, GSD Associated with vaccines/injections