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Dermatology > Flea Allergy, Parasiticides > Flashcards

Flea Allergy, Parasiticides Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common skin disease and the most common reason to see a vet (outside of common vaccinations)?

A

Flea allergy dermatitis

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2
Q

What is the most common flea of dogs and cats?

A

Ctenocephalides felis

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3
Q

How long is the lifecycle of the flea in ideal conditions?

A

21 days

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4
Q

What are characteristics of flea eggs?

A

Laid after blood meal
Fall off of the host into the environment
Resistant to all insecticides except IgR

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5
Q

What are characteristics of flea larva?

A

Present in the environment
Covered with small hairs
Molt twice
Move away from light and hot temperatures (towards dark, warm areas)
Eat organic debris and blood-filled feces of adults
Vacuuming helps remove them from environment

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6
Q

What does an long coil of flea feces indicate?

A

Uninterrupted feeding

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7
Q

What are the optimal conditions for Ctenocephalides felis?

A

60-80 degrees F

65-75% humidity

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8
Q

What is the most resistant stage of the flea life cycle?

A

Cocoon or pupa

Can be dormant for many months

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9
Q

What factors stimulate the emergence of young fleas from pupa?

A

Mechanical pressure/vibration
Body temperature
Low concentrations CO2

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10
Q

What are predisposing factors for developing flea allergy?

A

Lack of exposure neonatally or at young age
Intermittent exposure
Small amounts
Atopy (e.g. Environmental allergy)

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11
Q

What is the pathogenesis of flea allergy?

A

Mixed hypersensitivity

Type 1 hypersensitivity (IgE mediated)
Delated (cell mediated)
Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity

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12
Q

What is a typical clinical sign of flea allergy?

A

Self-trauma and absence of fleas

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13
Q

What are the three most pruritic diseases in dogs?

A
  1. Flea allergy
  2. Scabies
  3. Food allergy
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14
Q

What are some clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis?

A

Lesions in back half of dog (lower back, perineum, tailhead, hind legs and umbilical region)
Signs commonly include those inflicted by chronic self-trauma
Secondary infection
Seasonal, waxing/waning signs

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15
Q

Feline flea allergy dermatitis is characterized by what 3 conditions?

A

Miliary dermatitis
Feline symmetrical alopecia
Eosinophilic granuloma complex

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16
Q

In feline flea allergy, does a negative intradermal skin test (IDST) rule out flea allergy?

A

No

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17
Q

What does histopathology of flea allergy dermatitis show?

A

Non-specific

Superficial perivascular dermatitis with eosinophils

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18
Q

How do you diagnose flea allergy dermatitis?

A

POSITIVE RESPONSE TO ELIMINATION OF FLEAS

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19
Q

What are the basic steps for treating flea allergy dermatitis?

A

Kill fleas!
Treat pyoderma
Antipruritic therapy
+/- Steroids, Antihistamines

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20
Q

What are the two targets of parasiticides?

A

Axon: voltage-gated Na+ channels; GABA-glutamate or chloride channels

Synapse: Ca++, acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase

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21
Q

What are the 4 groups of parasiticides that target axons?

A
  1. Increase Na+ flux (pyrethrins, pyrethroids)
  2. Decrease Na+ flux (metaflumizone, indoxacarb)
  3. Increase GABA (macrocyclic lactones)
  4. Decrease GABA (fipronil)
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22
Q

What are the 4 groups of parasiticides that target synapses?

A
  1. Cholinesterase inhibitors (organophoshates, carbamates)
  2. Activation of Ach receptor gated Ca++ channels (spinosad, spinoteram)
  3. Binding nicotinic Ach receptor (imidacloprid, nitenpyran dinotefuran)
  4. Monaime oxidase inhibitors (amitraz)
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23
Q

What are pyrethrins?

A 
Increase Na+ permeability along axon
Derived from chrysanthemum
SAFE for cats and puppies
UV inactivated
Short duration
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24
Q

What are pyrethroids?

A 
Synthetic derivative of pyrethrin
Example: permethrin
Binds to hair and skin - longer duration, more UV stable
REPELS and KILLS fleas if >2%
TOXIC to cats 
Advantix II, Activyl plus, Vectra 3D
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25
What is deltamethrin?
``` Pyrethroid ester insecticide Kills fleas and ticks Repels mosquitoes, culicoides Available as collar, lasts 6 months Can cause irritation ```
26
What is indoxacarb?
Kills through BIOACTIVATION IN FLEA (safe for mammals)
27
What is fipronil?
Flea adulticide | Also used in agricuture
28
What is Frontline Plus?
Fipronil + methoprene Concentrates in sebaceous gland Safe for puppies and kittens Does not repel!
29
What is Tritak?
DOGS ONLY : Fipronil + cyphenothrin + methoprene | CATS ONLY : Fipronil + etofenoprox + methoprene
30
What is Bravecto?
Oral and topical flea and tick control (kills, does not repel) Dogs >6mo Effective for demodex
31
What is Nexguard?
Afoxolaner Oral flea and tick control for 30 days 100% kill within 24 hours DOGS only
32
What are organophosphates?
Toxic to cats and young animals | No longer recommended
33
What are carbamates?
Less toxic and less effective than organophosphates Antidote: atropine No longer recommended
34
What is spinosad?
Non-antibiotic tetracycline macrolide (Comfortis, Trifexis) Kills, does not repel Works systemically, give with food SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO DOGS RECEIVING HIGH DOSES IVERMECTIN, LOWERS SEIZURE THRESHOLD!
35
What is spinoteram?
Topical, once a month Very fast killing E.g. Cheristin
36
What is Imidacloprid?
E.g. Advantage, Seresto Safe for dogs and cats Does not repel fleas, no effect on ticks Removed by water
37
What is Advantix II?
Imidacloprid + permethrin + pyripoxyfen Kills and repels fleas, ticks, mosquitos DOGS ONLY
38
What is nitenpyram?
E.g. Capstar (Novartis) | Kills, does not repel
39
What is Dinotefuran?
* Binds to a different site than imidacloprid | * Does not bind to mammalian Ach receptors
40
What is Vectra 3D?
Dinotefuran + pyriproxifen (IGR) + permethrin IGR, kills, and repels in 1 product! Fleas, ticks, mosquitos Dogs
41
What are the 3 insect growth regulators?
1. Methoprene 2. Pyriproxifen 3. Lufenuron
42
What is methoprene?
Insect growth regulator Mimics JH-1 to prevent molting Photo-inactivated, no adulticide, does not repel E.g. Precor
43
What is pyriproxifen?
Insect growth regulator that affects eggs and larva | Stable for indoor and outdoor use
44
What is Luferuron?
Chitin synthesis inhibitor "Birth control for fleas" Use in combination products (with something that will kill fleas immediately) Safe for dogs and cats 3 month lag phase before this can be used alone for flea control
45
What are macrocyclic lactones?
Dogs and cats (4 weeks or older) for heartworms, hookworms, roundworms, whipworms
46
What are the doses to know for Ivermectin?
Heartworm prevention: 6mcg/kg Scabies treatment: 200-300 mcg/kg Demodex: 400-600 mcg/kg Toxic for collies, etc: 100mcg/kg
47
What are the different types of macrocyclic lactones?
``` Milbemycin (Sentinel, Novartis) Ivermectin Heartguard (Ivermectin + pyrantel) Moxidectin (Advantage multi) Selamectin ( Revolution, Pfizer) ```
48
What are formanidines?
Monamine oxidase inhibitor Amitraz (demodex dip) Mitaban (topical for demodex) Toxic in cats and horses
49
What is certifect?
Amitraz and fipronil DOGS ONLY Repels and kills fleas and ticks Topical
50
What is diatomaceous earth?
Non-chemical outdoor environmental flea control Naturally occurring, siliceous sedimentation Fossilized remains of diatoms, crumbled into fine white powder Absorbs lipids, causes physical damage of exoskeleton
51
What are beneficial nematodes?
Non-chemical outdoor environmental flea control L3 nematodes Steinernema and heterorhabdi Once inside larva, nematodes release toxic bacterium that kills larva, within 24-48 UV and draught harm nematodes
52
What is sodium polyborate?
Non-chemical indoor flea control (Borax) Dessicant Will last 1 year if professionally applied and carpet is not shampooed
53
What is Virbac?
Synthetic pyrethroid (chemical) treatment for yard
54
What are some general rules for environmental flea control?
1. Should be focused on areas away from UV light, moist 2. Repeat every 3 weeks at peak of season 3. Combination of adulticide and IgR
55
What are products with large amounts of permethrin (for dogs only!)?
Advantix II Effitix Activyl plus Vectra 3D
56
What are products with synthetic pyrethroids?
Frontline Tritak Seresto collar Scalibor collar
57
What products are safe to use for flea control in cats?
``` *Frontline Tritak for cats Advantage Fipronil Activyl Vextra 2D Revolution ```
58
What products are safe for flea control in dogs?
``` Advantix II Frontline Tritak for dogs Scalibor collar Certifect Activyl plus Vectra 3D Effitix ```
59
What are the 3 most important aspects of an ectoparasite control program?
1. Parasiticides: kill parasites on the pet 2. Insect growth regulators: prevent lifecycle of parasites on the pet 3. Environmental control
60
What concentration of permethrin may be toxic to a cat that is exposed?
>0.5%

Dermatology (8 decks)

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