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Dermatology > Flea Allergy, Parasiticides > Flashcards

Flea Allergy, Parasiticides Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is the most common skin disease and the most common reason to see a vet (outside of common vaccinations)?

A

Flea allergy dermatitis

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2
Q

What is the most common flea of dogs and cats?

A

Ctenocephalides felis

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3
Q

How long is the lifecycle of the flea in ideal conditions?

A

21 days

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4
Q

What are characteristics of flea eggs?

A

Laid after blood meal
Fall off of the host into the environment
Resistant to all insecticides except IgR

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5
Q

What are characteristics of flea larva?

A

Present in the environment
Covered with small hairs
Molt twice
Move away from light and hot temperatures (towards dark, warm areas)
Eat organic debris and blood-filled feces of adults
Vacuuming helps remove them from environment

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6
Q

What does an long coil of flea feces indicate?

A

Uninterrupted feeding

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7
Q

What are the optimal conditions for Ctenocephalides felis?

A

60-80 degrees F

65-75% humidity

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8
Q

What is the most resistant stage of the flea life cycle?

A

Cocoon or pupa

Can be dormant for many months

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9
Q

What factors stimulate the emergence of young fleas from pupa?

A

Mechanical pressure/vibration
Body temperature
Low concentrations CO2

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10
Q

What are predisposing factors for developing flea allergy?

A

Lack of exposure neonatally or at young age
Intermittent exposure
Small amounts
Atopy (e.g. Environmental allergy)

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11
Q

What is the pathogenesis of flea allergy?

A

Mixed hypersensitivity

Type 1 hypersensitivity (IgE mediated)
Delated (cell mediated)
Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity

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12
Q

What is a typical clinical sign of flea allergy?

A

Self-trauma and absence of fleas

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13
Q

What are the three most pruritic diseases in dogs?

A
  1. Flea allergy
  2. Scabies
  3. Food allergy
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14
Q

What are some clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis?

A

Lesions in back half of dog (lower back, perineum, tailhead, hind legs and umbilical region)
Signs commonly include those inflicted by chronic self-trauma
Secondary infection
Seasonal, waxing/waning signs

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15
Q

Feline flea allergy dermatitis is characterized by what 3 conditions?

A

Miliary dermatitis
Feline symmetrical alopecia
Eosinophilic granuloma complex

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16
Q

In feline flea allergy, does a negative intradermal skin test (IDST) rule out flea allergy?

A

No

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17
Q

What does histopathology of flea allergy dermatitis show?

A

Non-specific

Superficial perivascular dermatitis with eosinophils

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18
Q

How do you diagnose flea allergy dermatitis?

A

POSITIVE RESPONSE TO ELIMINATION OF FLEAS

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19
Q

What are the basic steps for treating flea allergy dermatitis?

A

Kill fleas!
Treat pyoderma
Antipruritic therapy
+/- Steroids, Antihistamines

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20
Q

What are the two targets of parasiticides?

A

Axon: voltage-gated Na+ channels; GABA-glutamate or chloride channels

Synapse: Ca++, acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase

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21
Q

What are the 4 groups of parasiticides that target axons?

A
  1. Increase Na+ flux (pyrethrins, pyrethroids)
  2. Decrease Na+ flux (metaflumizone, indoxacarb)
  3. Increase GABA (macrocyclic lactones)
  4. Decrease GABA (fipronil)
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22
Q

What are the 4 groups of parasiticides that target synapses?

A
  1. Cholinesterase inhibitors (organophoshates, carbamates)
  2. Activation of Ach receptor gated Ca++ channels (spinosad, spinoteram)
  3. Binding nicotinic Ach receptor (imidacloprid, nitenpyran dinotefuran)
  4. Monaime oxidase inhibitors (amitraz)
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23
Q

What are pyrethrins?

A 
Increase Na+ permeability along axon
Derived from chrysanthemum
SAFE for cats and puppies
UV inactivated
Short duration
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24
Q

What are pyrethroids?

A 
Synthetic derivative of pyrethrin
Example: permethrin
Binds to hair and skin - longer duration, more UV stable
REPELS and KILLS fleas if >2%
TOXIC to cats 
Advantix II, Activyl plus, Vectra 3D
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25
Q

What is deltamethrin?

A 
Pyrethroid ester insecticide 
Kills fleas and ticks
Repels mosquitoes, culicoides
Available as collar, lasts 6 months
Can cause irritation
26
Q

What is indoxacarb?

A

Kills through BIOACTIVATION IN FLEA (safe for mammals)

27
Q

What is fipronil?

A

Flea adulticide

Also used in agricuture

28
Q

What is Frontline Plus?

A

Fipronil + methoprene
Concentrates in sebaceous gland
Safe for puppies and kittens
Does not repel!

29
Q

What is Tritak?

A

DOGS ONLY : Fipronil + cyphenothrin + methoprene

CATS ONLY : Fipronil + etofenoprox + methoprene

30
Q

What is Bravecto?

A

Oral and topical flea and tick control (kills, does not repel)
Dogs >6mo
Effective for demodex

31
Q

What is Nexguard?

A

Afoxolaner
Oral flea and tick control for 30 days
100% kill within 24 hours
DOGS only

32
Q

What are organophosphates?

A

Toxic to cats and young animals

No longer recommended

33
Q

What are carbamates?

A

Less toxic and less effective than organophosphates
Antidote: atropine
No longer recommended

34
Q

What is spinosad?

A

Non-antibiotic tetracycline macrolide (Comfortis, Trifexis)
Kills, does not repel
Works systemically, give with food
SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO DOGS RECEIVING HIGH DOSES IVERMECTIN, LOWERS SEIZURE THRESHOLD!

35
Q

What is spinoteram?

A

Topical, once a month
Very fast killing
E.g. Cheristin

36
Q

What is Imidacloprid?

A

E.g. Advantage, Seresto
Safe for dogs and cats
Does not repel fleas, no effect on ticks
Removed by water

37
Q

What is Advantix II?

A

Imidacloprid + permethrin + pyripoxyfen
Kills and repels fleas, ticks, mosquitos
DOGS ONLY

38
Q

What is nitenpyram?

A

E.g. Capstar (Novartis)

Kills, does not repel

39
Q

What is Dinotefuran?

A
  • Binds to a different site than imidacloprid

* Does not bind to mammalian Ach receptors

40
Q

What is Vectra 3D?

A

Dinotefuran + pyriproxifen (IGR) + permethrin
IGR, kills, and repels in 1 product!
Fleas, ticks, mosquitos
Dogs

41
Q

What are the 3 insect growth regulators?

A
  1. Methoprene
  2. Pyriproxifen
  3. Lufenuron
42
Q

What is methoprene?

A

Insect growth regulator
Mimics JH-1 to prevent molting
Photo-inactivated, no adulticide, does not repel
E.g. Precor

43
Q

What is pyriproxifen?

A

Insect growth regulator that affects eggs and larva

Stable for indoor and outdoor use

44
Q

What is Luferuron?

A

Chitin synthesis inhibitor
“Birth control for fleas”
Use in combination products (with something that will kill fleas immediately)
Safe for dogs and cats
3 month lag phase before this can be used alone for flea control

45
Q

What are macrocyclic lactones?

A

Dogs and cats (4 weeks or older) for heartworms, hookworms, roundworms, whipworms

46
Q

What are the doses to know for Ivermectin?

A

Heartworm prevention: 6mcg/kg
Scabies treatment: 200-300 mcg/kg
Demodex: 400-600 mcg/kg
Toxic for collies, etc: 100mcg/kg

47
Q

What are the different types of macrocyclic lactones?

A 
Milbemycin (Sentinel, Novartis)
Ivermectin
Heartguard (Ivermectin + pyrantel)
Moxidectin (Advantage multi)
Selamectin ( Revolution, Pfizer)
48
Q

What are formanidines?

A

Monamine oxidase inhibitor
Amitraz (demodex dip)
Mitaban (topical for demodex)
Toxic in cats and horses

49
Q

What is certifect?

A

Amitraz and fipronil
DOGS ONLY
Repels and kills fleas and ticks
Topical

50
Q

What is diatomaceous earth?

A

Non-chemical outdoor environmental flea control
Naturally occurring, siliceous sedimentation
Fossilized remains of diatoms, crumbled into fine white powder
Absorbs lipids, causes physical damage of exoskeleton

51
Q

What are beneficial nematodes?

A

Non-chemical outdoor environmental flea control
L3 nematodes
Steinernema and heterorhabdi
Once inside larva, nematodes release toxic bacterium that kills larva, within 24-48
UV and draught harm nematodes

52
Q

What is sodium polyborate?

A

Non-chemical indoor flea control
(Borax)
Dessicant
Will last 1 year if professionally applied and carpet is not shampooed

53
Q

What is Virbac?

A

Synthetic pyrethroid (chemical) treatment for yard

54
Q

What are some general rules for environmental flea control?

A
  1. Should be focused on areas away from UV light, moist
  2. Repeat every 3 weeks at peak of season
  3. Combination of adulticide and IgR
55
Q

What are products with large amounts of permethrin (for dogs only!)?

A

Advantix II
Effitix
Activyl plus
Vectra 3D

56
Q

What are products with synthetic pyrethroids?

A

Frontline Tritak
Seresto collar
Scalibor collar

57
Q

What products are safe to use for flea control in cats?

A 
*Frontline Tritak for cats
Advantage
Fipronil
Activyl
Vextra 2D
Revolution
58
Q

What products are safe for flea control in dogs?

A 
Advantix II
Frontline Tritak for dogs
Scalibor collar
Certifect
Activyl plus
Vectra 3D
Effitix
59
Q

What are the 3 most important aspects of an ectoparasite control program?

A
  1. Parasiticides: kill parasites on the pet
  2. Insect growth regulators: prevent lifecycle of parasites on the pet
  3. Environmental control
60
Q

What concentration of permethrin may be toxic to a cat that is exposed?

A

> 0.5%

Dermatology (8 decks)

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