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Diagnostic Imaging > Search Pattern > Flashcards

Search Pattern Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 errors of observation?

A
  • Missing a significant finding (false negative)

- Identifying a normal variant as abnormal (false +)

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2
Q

What is an error of interpretation?

A
  • Failure to link radiologic findings to clinical data
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3
Q

What are the ABCs of search patterns?

A
  • Alignment
  • Bone density
  • Cartilage
  • Soft tissues
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4
Q

What are the 3 categories of alignment?

A
  • Skeletal architecture
  • Contour of bone
  • Alignment of adjacent bones
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5
Q

What are 4 types of skeletal architecture abnormalities?

A
  • Aberrant size
  • Extra (supernumerary) bones
  • Absent bones
  • Developmental deformities
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6
Q

What are 3 contour of bone abnormalities?

A
  • Interal/ external irregularities
  • Smooth/ cortical outline
  • Spurs
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7
Q

What are 3 alignment of adjacent bone abnormalities?

A
  • Fractures
  • Dislocations
  • Subluxations
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8
Q

What does aberrant size mean?

A

A structure is either too large or too small.

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9
Q

What can cause a false abberant size?

A
  • Distortion caused by unequal distance from the image receptor
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10
Q

What is acromegaly?

A
  • Increased size of structures due to extra production of GH.
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11
Q

What type of aberrant size does Paget’s disease cause?

A
  • Increased trabeculae and cortical thickening
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12
Q

What is a fabella?

A

Pattela like bone on posterior knee.

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13
Q

What are 6 examples of supernumerary bones?

A
  • Extra rays
  • Extra distal phalanx
  • Surgical rib
  • Sesamoid bones within tendons (calcificaiton)
  • Extra toes
  • Extra phalanges in thumb
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14
Q

How is TO related to supernumerary bones?

A
  • Surgical rib compresses brachial plexus, and vasculature.
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15
Q

What are two causes of absent bones?

A
  • Congenital

- Post surgical

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16
Q

What are 2 examples of developmental deformities affecting alignment?

A
  • Scoliosis

- Genu varum

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17
Q

What are 4 types of internal/ external irregularities related to alignment?

A
  • Pathologic changes
  • Traumatic injuries
  • Developmental
  • Congenital
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18
Q

What do breaks in the cortical outline indicate?

A
  • Fracture
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19
Q

What are exostoses and spurs?

A

Spurs: osteophytes
Exotoses: calcification after a bleed

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20
Q

What is a Salter-Harris injury?

A
  • Fracture that disrupts joint alignment
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21
Q

What are the differences between dislocations and subluxations?

A

Dislocation: No joint congruence
Subluxation: Partially congruent

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22
Q

What differentiates bone from soft tissue in a radograph?

A

Bone density.

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23
Q

What else does bone density help to differentiate?

A
  • Cortical from trabecular bone.
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24
Q

How is the texture of trabeculae described?

A
  • Descriptive term that lacks precise definition:

Ex)

  • fluffy
  • smudged
  • coarsening
  • lacy
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25
Q

What is sclerosis in relation to bone?

A
  • Localized increase in bone density
26
Q

What are 2 examples of excessive sclerosis?

A
  • Normal fracture healing callus

- Abnormal calcification (OA)

27
Q

What is reactive sclerosis?

A
  • Body acts to surround and encapsulate an infection or tumor
28
Q

What is the term for reactive sclerosis due to an infection?

A

Osteomyelitis.

29
Q

What is a bony tumor called?

A

Osteosarcoma.

30
Q

What is a sign that bone is growing too fast?

A
  • The bone does not have a cortex.
31
Q

What explains normal sclerotic processes?

A

Wolff’s law.

32
Q

What are 3 elements of cartilage space?

A
  • Joint space width
  • Subchondral bone
  • Epiphyseal plates
33
Q

What is meant by the width of the joint space?

A

Width of the cartilage

34
Q

When might there be an actual joint space?

A

During traction.

35
Q

Which compartment of the knee has thicker cartilage?

A

The medial compartment.

36
Q

What are 3 effects of increased sclerosis in subchondral bone?

A
  • Loss of cartilage; linked with increased force through the joint (cause of, or caused by)
  • Wears out bone
  • Bony loss wears on cartilage
37
Q

What are bony cysts?

A
  • Erosion of bone
  • Due to inflammatory arthritices
  • Areas of round bony loss
38
Q

What 3 characteristics of epiphyseal plates are evaluated in plain film?

A
  • Position of primary and secondary growth centers
  • Width of the plate
  • Smoothness of the borders
39
Q

What is difficult to evaluate in epiphyseal plates?

A

Fractures.

40
Q

What alterations need to be made to evaluate soft tissue in plain film?

A
  • Density

- Contrast

41
Q

What are 6 soft tissue structures that may be examined on plain film?

A
  • Muscles
  • Fast pads/ fat lines
  • Joint capsules
  • Periosteum
  • Gas
  • Calcifications in soft tissue (myositis ossificans)
42
Q

What causes myositis ossificans?

A

Bone formed in soft tissue due to deep bleeds/ bruises/ tears.

43
Q

When may soft tissues become visible in plain film?

A
  • When distended by intra-articular swelling
44
Q

What are 4 types of periosteal changes that can be seen on plain film?

A
  • Solid (due to fracture healing)
  • Laminated (onion formation) due to repetitive injury
  • Spiculated (malignant lesion)
  • Codman’s Triangle (aggressive bone tumor)
45
Q

What is codman’s triangle?

A
  • Bony tumor
46
Q

What are 7 categories of skeletal pathology?

A
  • Congenital
  • Inflammatory
  • Metabolic
  • Neoplastic
  • Traumatic
  • Vascular
  • Other
47
Q

What is an example of congenital skeletal pathology?

A
  • Polydactylli (extra fingers)
  • Club
  • Coxa valga
48
Q

WHat is an example of inflammatory skeletal pathology?

A
  • RA

- Gout

49
Q

What is an example of metabolic skeletal pathology?

A
  • Osteoporosis
50
Q

What is an example of neoplastic skeletal pathology?

A
  • Osteosarcomas

- Osteophytes

51
Q

What is an example of traumatic skeletal pathology?

A
  • Bone fracture
52
Q

What is an example of vascular skeletal pathology?

A
  • Avascular necrosis (femoral head, scaphoid)
53
Q

What are 11 variables that help diagnosis a skeletal lesion?

A
  • Behavior (building, destroying)
  • Bone or joint involved
  • Locus within a bone
  • Age, gender, and race of a patient
  • Margin of the lesion (defined = better = slow growing)
  • Shape of lesion
  • Joint space crossed? (tumors don’t cross. Infections do)
  • Bony reaction
  • Matrix production (some tumors produce intracellular matrix)
  • Soft tissue changes
  • History of trauma or surgery
54
Q

What can a margin of a bony lesion tell us?

A

If it is well defined, the lesion is slow growing.

55
Q

Why might matrix production indicate the type of skeletal lesion?

A

Tumors can produce matrix.

56
Q

What non bony changes can diagnose a skeletal lesion?

A

Soft tissue.

57
Q

If a lesion crosses a joint space, is it a tumor or an infection?

A

An infection.

58
Q

What census type data can help define a skeletal lesion?

A

Age, gender, and race.

59
Q

What is meant by a skeletal lesion’s behavior?

A
  • Building.

- Destroying

60
Q

What features of the bone its self can help diagnose a skeletal lesion?

A
  • The bone’s reaction to the lesion
  • The location, and joint’s involved
  • Where is lesion is focused/ spread through the bone (locus)
61
Q

What can help diagnose a skeletal lesion during the patient interview?

A
  • History of fractures

- Recent surgeries

Diagnostic Imaging (14 decks)

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