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GCSE History- USA > Search For World Peace > Flashcards

Search For World Peace Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ‘Detente’ mean

A

Reduction in tension between USSR and USA

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2
Q

4 reasons for Detente (why USSR and USA want to decrease tension with each other)

A

Vietnam war (shows Cold War is effectively pointless, no side really gains anything by fighting but just wastes money and ruins US reputation)

Threat of nuclear war (would be very catastrophic and expensive)

Want to decreases defence spending

USSR want to access USA technology (think by getting close they will be able to do this)

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3
Q

3 key agreements that show Detente in action

A

SALT 1
SALT 11
Helsinki agreements

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4
Q

What are the 3 baskets for the Helsinki Agreement 1975

A

Security (including USSR to accept existence of West Germany)
Human Rights (stops people from being falsely arrested/ killed like in Vietnam war)
Co-operation (if better economic, cultural and scientific links then hopefully it will improve political links)

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5
Q

Why is SALT 11 never properly signed

A

USSR invade Afghanistan that same year (1979) which goes against the terms

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6
Q

Key reason why USSR invade Afghanistan 1979

A

To protect the Communist Government from being overthrown by Muslims and wants to ensure the Soviet Muslims don’t gain ideas and do the same to Brezhnev

(Basically Muslims are trying to overthrow the communist government in Afghanistan- Brezhnev wants to prove to the 30 million USSR Muslims that there’s no point in them gaining ideas from the Muslims in Afganistán as it wouldn’t change how the USSR was run)

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7
Q

Why did Carter take a firm approach with the USSR folllwing invasion of Afghanistan and what was it

A

Was criticised of being weak leader so wanted to prove this wrong
Believed he could improve relations with China who also were against the invasion

Carter Doctrine- promises US military aid to all countries bordering Afghanistan
US boycott 1980 Moscow Olympics

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8
Q

True or false, the Ping Pong Diplomacy shows that relations were improving between USA and China

A

True
Nixon and US ping pong team visit China
US government lift trade embargo (restriction on trading) with China

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9
Q

Which President caused there to be a second Cold War in early 1980s

A

Reagan

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10
Q

What programme did Reagan introduce

A

Strategic Defence Initiative
‘Star Wars Programme’

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11
Q

Briefly outline what the Star Wars Programme was

A

Proposed ‘nuclear umbrella’ to stop any missiles from USSR reaching American soil
Although it didn’t actually work the USSR didn’t know this so stopped firing missiles and it proved USA were ahead in the Arms race (USA are superior at this point)

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12
Q

Why was Reagans role in Cold War very contradicting to previous approach and detente

A

Wanted to directly confront USSR through spending on defences and using America’s lead in technology to prevent them from firing missiles
1982 he describes USSR as ‘evil empire’

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13
Q

What does Reagan describe USSR as in speech in 1982

A

Evil Empire

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14
Q

True or false, from 1985 relations between USSR and USA changed for the better due to Gorbachev’s new policies

A

True

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15
Q

2 policies that Gorbachev adopted that improved relations between USA and USSR

A

Glasnost
Perestroika

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16
Q

SALT 1 is the first of a series of agreements signed to help with the process of Detente. When is it signed

A

1972

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17
Q

What is signed 1972 to help support detente

A

SALT 1

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18
Q

What year is SALT 1 signed

A

1972

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19
Q

What does SALT (1/11) stand for

A

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

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20
Q

What was the fist successful agreement between USA and USSR that limited the number of nuclear weapons each side held

A

SALT 1

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21
Q

SALT 1 limited the number of what 2 types of missiles that both the USA and USSR held

A

Intercontinental missiles
Anti- ballistic missiles

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22
Q

All rules agreed in SALT 1

A

Number of intercontinental missiles + Anti ballistic missiles used by each side is limited
Neither side can test intercontinental missiles or submarine- launched missiles

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23
Q

Next agreement seeing Detente in action following SALT 1 in 1972

A

Helsinki Agreements 1975

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24
Q

What year were the Helsinki Agreements

A

1975

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25
Q

True or false, the USA and USSR are the only ones to sign the Helsinki Agreements in 1975

A

False
They are also signed by 33 other nations

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26
Q

As well as the USA and USSR how many nations sign the Helsinki Agreements in 1975

A

33 other nations

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27
Q

As part of the ‘security basket’ of the Helsinki Agreements what did the USSR have to accept the existence of

A

West Germany

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28
Q

In what agreement did USSR have to accept the existence of West Germany

A

Helsinki Agreements 1975 (under the ‘security’ basket)

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29
Q

What is meant by the ‘human rights basket’ under the Helsinki agreements

A

Each nation that signed agreement must respect basic human rights e.g freedom of thought, speech, religion and unlawful arrest (USA can’t arrest random people who they think might be communist)

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30
Q

In the ‘human rights’ basket under the Helsinki Agreements, each nation that signed it must respect basic freedom rights like the freedoms of…

A

Thought, religion, speech, unlawful arrest

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31
Q

Under which agreement did it mean that the USA couldn’t arrest random people who they thought might be communist

A

Helsinki Agreement (human rights basket)

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32
Q

What is meant by the ‘co- operation’ basket in the Helsinki Agreements 1975

A

Nations signed agree to work towards closer economic, scientific and cultural links
(And then hopefully this will lead to closer political agreement)

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33
Q

In the cooperation basket of the Helsinki Agreement, Nations that signed agreed to work together on closer what 3 links

A

Scientific, cultural, economic
(Then hopefully it would lead to stronger political agreement)

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34
Q

When was

A
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35
Q

What is meant by the ping pong diplomacy

A

Where American ping pong team are invited to China which leads to Nixon then being the first ever US president to visit China

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36
Q

Who is the first ever US President to visit China

A

Nixon (1972)

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37
Q

Trading embargo meaning

A

Trading is prohibited (banned) between certain countries
(In this case between China and USA)

38
Q

What event does Carter arrange to be boycotted as part of his firm approach

A

1980 Moscow Olympics

39
Q

Carter takes a firm approach but on what

A

How to react to the USSR invasion of Afghanistan

40
Q

True or false, when Reagan becomes president in 1981, he wants to help continue with detente after it fell apart

A

False
He has no interest in detente

41
Q

Under Carter’s firm approach, the Carter doctrine promises what

A

Military aid to all nations bordering Afghanistan

42
Q

What year did the Berlin Wall come down

A

1989

43
Q

Who was the last leader of the USSR

A

Gorbachev

44
Q

What is meant by perestroika (one of 2 policies introduced by Gorbachev hich improved relations with USA)

A

Economic reform
He realised that the Soviet economy was nowhere near as efficient as America’s economy and that in everyday life the USSR faced shortages so standard of living was much lower and people had lost faith in the USSR

45
Q

When did the Cold War officially end

A

1991
(It was declared in the Malta conference in 1989 but only really ended in 1991 after the end of communist control over Easter Europe and the fall of the USSR)

46
Q

During the USSR invading Afghanistan how many troops does Brezchev send there

A

50,000 troops
(To protect the Communist government as the Muslims are trying to overthrow it)
Wanted to protect the PDPA (Afganistán communist government) from Ajubideen which was the Muslims way to try and claim they were trying to overthrow the government as part of a holy mission for Allah)

47
Q

What is Carter’s firm approach on the USSR invasion of Afghanistan 1979

A

Asks Senate to delay SALT 11
Provide military aid to countries bordering Afghanistan (protect them from USSR)
USA use military force if necessary against USSR in the Persian Gulf (area of Afghanistan and neighbouring countries)
US Olympic committee boycott 1980 Moscow Olympics

48
Q

How many USSR Muslims were there

A

30 million
When the Muslims in Afghanistan try to overthrow the communist government, Brezhnev wants to prove to them that he isn’t going to change how the USSR is run so they shouldn’t try to gain ideas and also try and overthrow the USSR government like in Afghanistan

49
Q

Why did Carter take a firm approach to the USSR invasion of Afghanistan to do with oil

A

Saw invasion as stepping stone for Soviet control of the West’s oil supplies- America also had an eye on theses oil supplies

50
Q

In summary what happened in Afghanistan that created the crisis and led to Muslims trying to overthrow the communist government (and then the USSR invading in 1979)

A

1978 PDPA (communist) overthrow Afghan government
Lots of Muslims are tortured
Lots of instability occurs
Muslims join the mujabideen (guerrilla movement against the communist government that they claimed was a holy mission for Allah)
Brezhnev was concerned about the growing spread of Islamic fundamentalism

51
Q

When did reform start to take place across the satellite states

A

1989
As Gorbachev told their leaders that he would no longer defend them
By 1990 Latvia and other countries declared themselves independent

52
Q

When did Latvia and other satellite states declare themself independent

A

1990

53
Q

When did Gorbachev resign as leader, the Cold War officially end and the USSR split up

A

1991

54
Q

Shah of Iran meaning

A

Leader

55
Q

When was the Shah of Iran forced to abdicate

A

1979

56
Q

True or false, before he abdicated in 1979 the Shah of Iran was close with America

A

True

57
Q

Who replaced the Shah of Iran when he abdicated in 1979 and why was this bad for the USA

A

Fundamentalist religious leader Ayatollah
He denounced the USA as the ‘Great Satan’ (he basically called the USA evil)

58
Q

Who become leader of Iran after the Shah was forced to abdicate in 1979

A

Ayatollah

59
Q

What did Ayatollah call the USA when he replaced Shah as leader of Iran in 1979

A

‘Great Satan’ (evil)

60
Q

Taken hostage meaning

A

Made prisoner

61
Q

What happened to the US embassy in 1979 following Ayatollah becoming the new leader and not liking the US

A

It was stormed by Iranian students and 66 Americans were taken hostage for 444 days

62
Q

How many Americans were taken hostage in Iran

A

66

63
Q

How long were the 66 Americans taken hostage for in Iran

A

444 days

64
Q

How did Carter react to 66 Americans being held hostage in Iran for 444 days (due to the new fundamentalist religious leader Ayatollah not liking the US)

A

Tried to carry out a rescue mission but it failed and worsened relations between US and Iran

65
Q

Did Carter help the Iran situation or not with the 66 Americans being held hostage when he carried out a rescue mission

A

No
He worsened the relation between US and Iran

66
Q

What year did the US involvement in Iran occur

A

1979
(This was when the Shah of Iran was forced to abdicate and replaced by fundamentalist religious leader Ayatollah who disliked the US and held 66 Americans from the USA hostage for 444 days)

67
Q

What happened that made the USA impose sanctions on Iraq

A

Iraq invaded and captured the neighbouring country (Kuwait) to help its country’s economic situation
(But USA wanted to protect its economic interests, especially oil supplies in the region)

68
Q

What neighbouring country did Iraq invade and capture in 1990

A

Kuwait (to help Iraq’s economic situation)

69
Q

Why was USA concerned when Iraq invaded and captured Kuwait (neighbouring country) in 1990

A

For economic reasons as they wanted to protect their economic interests of oil supplies in the region

70
Q

True or false, America managed to successfully restore order in the oil producing states that it had economic interest in

A

True (via air assaults against Iraq forcing the army to withdraw from Kuwait)

71
Q

How did America and the allies manage to get the Iraq troops to withdraw from Kuwait

A

Air assault

72
Q

When is the second period of detente (following the 2nd Cold War under Reagan’s rule’

A

1985 onwards under rule of Gorbachev in USSR and his new policies

73
Q

What marked the end of the first period of detente

A

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 which led to SALT 11 not being signed

74
Q

List of all agreements/ meetings with USA and USSR from 1985- 1991 when Cold War ends

A

1985- The Geneva Accord (Reagan and Gorbachev meet in Geneva and agree to speed up arms reduction talks
1986- second meeting but negotiations between 2 sides were slow
1987- 3rd meeting in Washington led to signing of INF (both leaders destroy all medium and short range weapons in Europe within 3 years)
1989- Gorbachev and Bush Snr meet in Malta and announce end to Cold War
1990- Gorbachev and Bush Snr disscuss START and sign START 1 in 1991 (treaty for the reduction and limitation of strategic arms)

75
Q

In 1985 where do Gorbachev and Reagan meet to agree to speed up arms limitation talks

A

Geneva
(This meeting was known as the Geneva Accord)

76
Q

How many meetings do Gorbachev and Reagan have from 1985 onwards as the 2nd part of detente

A

3
1) 1985 in Geneva- agree to speed up arms reduction talks
2) 1986- negotiations slow to be made
3) 1987£ Washington- INF is signed which is a treat where both leaders agreed to destroy all short and medium range weapons in Europe within 3 years

77
Q

In 1987 where do Reagan and Gorbachev meet

A

Washington
(3rd meeting)

78
Q

What is signed following Gorbachev and Reagan meeting in Washington in 1987

A

INF- agree to destroy all medium and short range weapons in Europe within 3 years

79
Q

In the INF treaty signed following 3rd meeting between Reagan and Gorbachev in Washington 1987 what do both leaders agree to do

A

Destroy all medium and short range weapons in Europe within 3 years

80
Q

In the INF treaty, both sides to agree all…and…weapons in Europe within 3 years

A

Short and medium range

81
Q

Following the INF treaty, both sides agreed to destroy all short range and medium range weapons in….within…years

A

Europe
3

82
Q

Following the INF treaty, both sides agreed to destroy all short range and medium range weapons in….within…years

A

Europe
3

83
Q

Where do Bush and Gorbachev meet when they announce the ending if the Cold War

A

Malta

84
Q

What year do Bush and Gorbachev announce the end to the Cold War when they meet in Malta

A

1989

85
Q

What is significant about Malta

A

Gorbachev and Bush meet there in 1989 and announce the end of the Cold War

86
Q

When do Bush and Gorbachev discuss START and what does it mean

A

1990
Strategic arms limitation

They then sign START 1 in 1991

87
Q

What years were the Gulf War

A

1990-1991

88
Q

What event stimulated the Gulf War

A

1990 troops from Iraq invade and capture Kuwait due to Hussein (the leader of Iraq) seeing it as a great way to help improve Iraq’s deteriorating economic situation and economic debts as Kuwait had lots of oil supplies

89
Q

Who is the leader of Iraq who arranged troops to invade and capture Kuwait in 1990 to help his country’s economic interests and help solve Iraq’s economic debt

A

Hussein

90
Q

3 different ‘Operation Deserts’ used when USA and Britain sent forces to help protect oil supplies and remove Iraq troops from Kuwait

A

Operation Desert Shield
Operation Desert Storm
Operation Desert Sabre

91
Q

Dis Bush have a good or bad reputation after the incident with Iraq invading Kuwait where he sent forces to help protect Saudi Arabia and its oil reserves

A

Good
He had successfully restored order to the oil producing states of the Middle East to protect USAks economic interests there

GCSE History- USA (8 decks)

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