Search For World Peace Flashcards
What does ‘Detente’ mean
Reduction in tension between USSR and USA
4 reasons for Detente (why USSR and USA want to decrease tension with each other)
Vietnam war (shows Cold War is effectively pointless, no side really gains anything by fighting but just wastes money and ruins US reputation)
Threat of nuclear war (would be very catastrophic and expensive)
Want to decreases defence spending
USSR want to access USA technology (think by getting close they will be able to do this)
3 key agreements that show Detente in action
SALT 1
SALT 11
Helsinki agreements
What are the 3 baskets for the Helsinki Agreement 1975
Security (including USSR to accept existence of West Germany)
Human Rights (stops people from being falsely arrested/ killed like in Vietnam war)
Co-operation (if better economic, cultural and scientific links then hopefully it will improve political links)
Why is SALT 11 never properly signed
USSR invade Afghanistan that same year (1979) which goes against the terms
Key reason why USSR invade Afghanistan 1979
To protect the Communist Government from being overthrown by Muslims and wants to ensure the Soviet Muslims don’t gain ideas and do the same to Brezhnev
(Basically Muslims are trying to overthrow the communist government in Afghanistan- Brezhnev wants to prove to the 30 million USSR Muslims that there’s no point in them gaining ideas from the Muslims in Afganistán as it wouldn’t change how the USSR was run)
Why did Carter take a firm approach with the USSR folllwing invasion of Afghanistan and what was it
Was criticised of being weak leader so wanted to prove this wrong
Believed he could improve relations with China who also were against the invasion
Carter Doctrine- promises US military aid to all countries bordering Afghanistan
US boycott 1980 Moscow Olympics
True or false, the Ping Pong Diplomacy shows that relations were improving between USA and China
True
Nixon and US ping pong team visit China
US government lift trade embargo (restriction on trading) with China
Which President caused there to be a second Cold War in early 1980s
Reagan
What programme did Reagan introduce
Strategic Defence Initiative
‘Star Wars Programme’
Briefly outline what the Star Wars Programme was
Proposed ‘nuclear umbrella’ to stop any missiles from USSR reaching American soil
Although it didn’t actually work the USSR didn’t know this so stopped firing missiles and it proved USA were ahead in the Arms race (USA are superior at this point)
Why was Reagans role in Cold War very contradicting to previous approach and detente
Wanted to directly confront USSR through spending on defences and using America’s lead in technology to prevent them from firing missiles
1982 he describes USSR as ‘evil empire’
What does Reagan describe USSR as in speech in 1982
Evil Empire
True or false, from 1985 relations between USSR and USA changed for the better due to Gorbachev’s new policies
True
2 policies that Gorbachev adopted that improved relations between USA and USSR
Glasnost
Perestroika
SALT 1 is the first of a series of agreements signed to help with the process of Detente. When is it signed
1972
What is signed 1972 to help support detente
SALT 1
What year is SALT 1 signed
1972
What does SALT (1/11) stand for
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
What was the fist successful agreement between USA and USSR that limited the number of nuclear weapons each side held
SALT 1
SALT 1 limited the number of what 2 types of missiles that both the USA and USSR held
Intercontinental missiles
Anti- ballistic missiles
All rules agreed in SALT 1
Number of intercontinental missiles + Anti ballistic missiles used by each side is limited
Neither side can test intercontinental missiles or submarine- launched missiles
Next agreement seeing Detente in action following SALT 1 in 1972
Helsinki Agreements 1975
What year were the Helsinki Agreements
1975
True or false, the USA and USSR are the only ones to sign the Helsinki Agreements in 1975
False
They are also signed by 33 other nations
As well as the USA and USSR how many nations sign the Helsinki Agreements in 1975
33 other nations
As part of the ‘security basket’ of the Helsinki Agreements what did the USSR have to accept the existence of
West Germany
In what agreement did USSR have to accept the existence of West Germany
Helsinki Agreements 1975 (under the ‘security’ basket)
What is meant by the ‘human rights basket’ under the Helsinki agreements
Each nation that signed agreement must respect basic human rights e.g freedom of thought, speech, religion and unlawful arrest (USA can’t arrest random people who they think might be communist)
In the ‘human rights’ basket under the Helsinki Agreements, each nation that signed it must respect basic freedom rights like the freedoms of…
Thought, religion, speech, unlawful arrest
Under which agreement did it mean that the USA couldn’t arrest random people who they thought might be communist
Helsinki Agreement (human rights basket)
What is meant by the ‘co- operation’ basket in the Helsinki Agreements 1975
Nations signed agree to work towards closer economic, scientific and cultural links
(And then hopefully this will lead to closer political agreement)
In the cooperation basket of the Helsinki Agreement, Nations that signed agreed to work together on closer what 3 links
Scientific, cultural, economic
(Then hopefully it would lead to stronger political agreement)
When was
What is meant by the ping pong diplomacy
Where American ping pong team are invited to China which leads to Nixon then being the first ever US president to visit China
Who is the first ever US President to visit China
Nixon (1972)
Trading embargo meaning
Trading is prohibited (banned) between certain countries
(In this case between China and USA)
What event does Carter arrange to be boycotted as part of his firm approach
1980 Moscow Olympics
Carter takes a firm approach but on what
How to react to the USSR invasion of Afghanistan
True or false, when Reagan becomes president in 1981, he wants to help continue with detente after it fell apart
False
He has no interest in detente
Under Carter’s firm approach, the Carter doctrine promises what
Military aid to all nations bordering Afghanistan
What year did the Berlin Wall come down
1989
Who was the last leader of the USSR
Gorbachev
What is meant by perestroika (one of 2 policies introduced by Gorbachev hich improved relations with USA)
Economic reform
He realised that the Soviet economy was nowhere near as efficient as America’s economy and that in everyday life the USSR faced shortages so standard of living was much lower and people had lost faith in the USSR
When did the Cold War officially end
1991
(It was declared in the Malta conference in 1989 but only really ended in 1991 after the end of communist control over Easter Europe and the fall of the USSR)
During the USSR invading Afghanistan how many troops does Brezchev send there
50,000 troops
(To protect the Communist government as the Muslims are trying to overthrow it)
Wanted to protect the PDPA (Afganistán communist government) from Ajubideen which was the Muslims way to try and claim they were trying to overthrow the government as part of a holy mission for Allah)
What is Carter’s firm approach on the USSR invasion of Afghanistan 1979
Asks Senate to delay SALT 11
Provide military aid to countries bordering Afghanistan (protect them from USSR)
USA use military force if necessary against USSR in the Persian Gulf (area of Afghanistan and neighbouring countries)
US Olympic committee boycott 1980 Moscow Olympics
How many USSR Muslims were there
30 million
When the Muslims in Afghanistan try to overthrow the communist government, Brezhnev wants to prove to them that he isn’t going to change how the USSR is run so they shouldn’t try to gain ideas and also try and overthrow the USSR government like in Afghanistan
Why did Carter take a firm approach to the USSR invasion of Afghanistan to do with oil
Saw invasion as stepping stone for Soviet control of the West’s oil supplies- America also had an eye on theses oil supplies
In summary what happened in Afghanistan that created the crisis and led to Muslims trying to overthrow the communist government (and then the USSR invading in 1979)
1978 PDPA (communist) overthrow Afghan government
Lots of Muslims are tortured
Lots of instability occurs
Muslims join the mujabideen (guerrilla movement against the communist government that they claimed was a holy mission for Allah)
Brezhnev was concerned about the growing spread of Islamic fundamentalism
When did reform start to take place across the satellite states
1989
As Gorbachev told their leaders that he would no longer defend them
By 1990 Latvia and other countries declared themselves independent
When did Latvia and other satellite states declare themself independent
1990
When did Gorbachev resign as leader, the Cold War officially end and the USSR split up
1991
Shah of Iran meaning
Leader
When was the Shah of Iran forced to abdicate
1979
True or false, before he abdicated in 1979 the Shah of Iran was close with America
True
Who replaced the Shah of Iran when he abdicated in 1979 and why was this bad for the USA
Fundamentalist religious leader Ayatollah
He denounced the USA as the ‘Great Satan’ (he basically called the USA evil)
Who become leader of Iran after the Shah was forced to abdicate in 1979
Ayatollah
What did Ayatollah call the USA when he replaced Shah as leader of Iran in 1979
‘Great Satan’ (evil)
Taken hostage meaning
Made prisoner
What happened to the US embassy in 1979 following Ayatollah becoming the new leader and not liking the US
It was stormed by Iranian students and 66 Americans were taken hostage for 444 days
How many Americans were taken hostage in Iran
66
How long were the 66 Americans taken hostage for in Iran
444 days
How did Carter react to 66 Americans being held hostage in Iran for 444 days (due to the new fundamentalist religious leader Ayatollah not liking the US)
Tried to carry out a rescue mission but it failed and worsened relations between US and Iran
Did Carter help the Iran situation or not with the 66 Americans being held hostage when he carried out a rescue mission
No
He worsened the relation between US and Iran
What year did the US involvement in Iran occur
1979
(This was when the Shah of Iran was forced to abdicate and replaced by fundamentalist religious leader Ayatollah who disliked the US and held 66 Americans from the USA hostage for 444 days)
What happened that made the USA impose sanctions on Iraq
Iraq invaded and captured the neighbouring country (Kuwait) to help its country’s economic situation
(But USA wanted to protect its economic interests, especially oil supplies in the region)
What neighbouring country did Iraq invade and capture in 1990
Kuwait (to help Iraq’s economic situation)
Why was USA concerned when Iraq invaded and captured Kuwait (neighbouring country) in 1990
For economic reasons as they wanted to protect their economic interests of oil supplies in the region
True or false, America managed to successfully restore order in the oil producing states that it had economic interest in
True (via air assaults against Iraq forcing the army to withdraw from Kuwait)
How did America and the allies manage to get the Iraq troops to withdraw from Kuwait
Air assault
When is the second period of detente (following the 2nd Cold War under Reagan’s rule’
1985 onwards under rule of Gorbachev in USSR and his new policies
What marked the end of the first period of detente
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 which led to SALT 11 not being signed
List of all agreements/ meetings with USA and USSR from 1985- 1991 when Cold War ends
1985- The Geneva Accord (Reagan and Gorbachev meet in Geneva and agree to speed up arms reduction talks
1986- second meeting but negotiations between 2 sides were slow
1987- 3rd meeting in Washington led to signing of INF (both leaders destroy all medium and short range weapons in Europe within 3 years)
1989- Gorbachev and Bush Snr meet in Malta and announce end to Cold War
1990- Gorbachev and Bush Snr disscuss START and sign START 1 in 1991 (treaty for the reduction and limitation of strategic arms)
In 1985 where do Gorbachev and Reagan meet to agree to speed up arms limitation talks
Geneva
(This meeting was known as the Geneva Accord)
How many meetings do Gorbachev and Reagan have from 1985 onwards as the 2nd part of detente
3
1) 1985 in Geneva- agree to speed up arms reduction talks
2) 1986- negotiations slow to be made
3) 1987£ Washington- INF is signed which is a treat where both leaders agreed to destroy all short and medium range weapons in Europe within 3 years
In 1987 where do Reagan and Gorbachev meet
Washington
(3rd meeting)
What is signed following Gorbachev and Reagan meeting in Washington in 1987
INF- agree to destroy all medium and short range weapons in Europe within 3 years
In the INF treaty signed following 3rd meeting between Reagan and Gorbachev in Washington 1987 what do both leaders agree to do
Destroy all medium and short range weapons in Europe within 3 years
In the INF treaty, both sides to agree all…and…weapons in Europe within 3 years
Short and medium range
Following the INF treaty, both sides agreed to destroy all short range and medium range weapons in….within…years
Europe
3
Following the INF treaty, both sides agreed to destroy all short range and medium range weapons in….within…years
Europe
3
Where do Bush and Gorbachev meet when they announce the ending if the Cold War
Malta
What year do Bush and Gorbachev announce the end to the Cold War when they meet in Malta
1989
What is significant about Malta
Gorbachev and Bush meet there in 1989 and announce the end of the Cold War
When do Bush and Gorbachev discuss START and what does it mean
1990
Strategic arms limitation
They then sign START 1 in 1991
What years were the Gulf War
1990-1991
What event stimulated the Gulf War
1990 troops from Iraq invade and capture Kuwait due to Hussein (the leader of Iraq) seeing it as a great way to help improve Iraq’s deteriorating economic situation and economic debts as Kuwait had lots of oil supplies
Who is the leader of Iraq who arranged troops to invade and capture Kuwait in 1990 to help his country’s economic interests and help solve Iraq’s economic debt
Hussein
3 different ‘Operation Deserts’ used when USA and Britain sent forces to help protect oil supplies and remove Iraq troops from Kuwait
Operation Desert Shield
Operation Desert Storm
Operation Desert Sabre
Dis Bush have a good or bad reputation after the incident with Iraq invading Kuwait where he sent forces to help protect Saudi Arabia and its oil reserves
Good
He had successfully restored order to the oil producing states of the Middle East to protect USAks economic interests there
