Issue of Civil Rights Flashcards
In 1954 what’s made unconstitutional
‘Separate but equal’ in Brown vs Board Ruling
Three examples of civil rights in education
Brown vs Topeka Board of education 1954
Little Rock high school 1957
James Meredith and Misisipi University 1962
What was the 1964 Civil Rights Act (4 parts)
Racial discrimination banned in employment
Equal Employment Opportunities Commission set up
Responsibility of federal government to bring cases to court to tackle discrimination
Black students given equal rights to enter all public places e.g schools
What year was the Civil Rights Act passed
1964
What Act was passed in 1965
Voting Rights Act
What did the Voting Rights Act 1965 do
End literacy tests
Stopped racial discrimination over the right to vote
What act was passed 1968
Fair Housing Act
What was the Fair Housing Act 1968
Made racial discrimination illegal in property market and housing
3 key legislations passed 1960s
Civil Rights Act 1964
Voting Rights Act 1965
Fair Housing Act 1968
What year were the Board of education taken to court by Oliver Brown with the help of the NAACP and why
1952
His daughter Linda Brown had to walk 20 blocks to get to her school when there was a school for white people on her doorstep
As a result in 1954 Supreme Court ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional
Who led 9 black children into a white only school in Little Rock 1957
Elizabeth Eckford
How did Eisenhower ensure the 9 black children attending Little Rick school were safe
Sent 1,000 federal troops of the 101st Airborne Division to protect them until they graduated at the end of the year
How many federal troops did Eisenhower send to Little Rock to protect the 9 black children
1,000
Why did Eisenhower need to send 1,000 federal troops to Little Rock school to protect the 9 children there
The Governor of Arkansas was preventing them from entering
Where was Little Rock High School
Arkansas
True or false, the Governor of Arkansas welcomed Elizabeth Eckford and the 8 other students into Little Rock High School
False, she prevents them from entering and surrounds the school with National guardsmen
How many soldiers remained on the university campus to protect Meredith until he graduated with a degree 3 years later
300
What year was Rosa Parks arrested
1955
Why was Rosa Parks arrested 1955
Refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white person which went against the law
Who organised the Montgomery bus boycott
The Montgomery Association Organisation (MIA)
Led Martin Luther King
What were freedom rides
Where campaigners led by CORE rode on interstate buses to see if integration was really happening
Why was it important that Little Rock involved the president
Showed it was an issue that could no longer be ignored and that the President and Federal government were prepared to actively act to help enforce integration
Why was it bad that the demonstrations evolving around Little Rock were shown on tv
It had a bad impact on the USA’s reputation because it showed just how against integration the south were and the extreme measures that were having to be put in place to protect the black children when the US had previously put itself forwards as ‘The Champion of Freedom and Equality’
What year was the James Meredith case
1962
Who was President during the James Meredith case
Kennedy
When was Martin Luther King’s ‘I have a dream’ speech
1963
What year was ‘The black Panthers’ founded
1966
Who had a 10 point programme including wanting freedom, employment and decent housing
The Black Panthers
Did Martin Luther King use violent or peaceful methods
Peaceful e.g marches, boycotts, sit ins…
Did Malcolm X use violent or peaceful methods
Violent
What 2 pieces of legislation did MLK help secure and lead to being passed
Civil Rights Act 1964
Voting Rights Act 1965
What does Rosa Park’s arrest lead to
Montgomery bus boycott 1955
When was the Montgomery bus boycott
1955/ 1956
When is the first time we see MLK in civil rights
Montgomery bus boycott 1955/ 1956
He leads the MIA who organise the bus boycott
Is the Montgomery bus boycott successful
Yes as it leads to buses becoming non- segregated in Montgomery (although this is very small scale and buses everywhere else are still segregated)
What % of bus customers that use the buses in Montgomery are black
75%
What stimulates the Montgomery bus boycott
Rosa Parks being arrested 1955
Who inspires the sit ins in 1960
Martin Luther King’s peaceful tactics
Who leads the sit ins
CORE
True or false, sit ins and freedom rides occur at the same time and last for around 1 year each
True (1960/ 1961)
True or false, freedom rides confirm that the south are resisting improvements in civil rights to black people
True
People travel on buses from north to south to see if they are integrated but in the south they are clearly not as the buses are attacked by racists and many freedom riders are arrested
At what March is MLK arrested (but only has to spend a few days in jail)
March in Birmingham
At what March does MLK give his ‘I Have a dream speech’
March on Washington
What year are both the March on Birmingham and Washington
1963
3 key marches led by MLK
Birmingham, Washington and Selma
What year was the March on Selma
1965
By 1957 how many black children attend previously segregated schools
300,000
By 1957 how many black children still attend Jim Crow Schools in south
2.4 million
Who was President during the Little Rock High school case
Eisenhower
What 2 key civil right events did CORE lead
Sit ins, freedom rides (1960/61)
In what way did NAACP try and gain civil rights
Challenging law/ legislation
How many people were in the crowd when MLK delivered his ‘i have a dream’ speech
250,000
Why is MLK’s I have a dream speech significant in key legislations for civil rights
Puts pressure on Kennedy to draft legislation for Civil Rights Act
Which individual inspired Black Power and Black Panthers
Malcolm X
One example of Black Power movement at Olympics
1968 Mexico City Olympics- 2 black athletes (members of black panthers) wear single black glove to give clenched fist salute
Who inspired Stokely Carmichael
Malcolm X
True or false, The Black Panthers were part of the bigger Black Power movement
True
Who led the Black Power movement
Stokely Carmichael
Who adopted the slogan ‘Black is beautiful’
Stokely Carmichael
(Leader of Black Power Movement)
What happens in 1968 that gives the Black Power Movement Great publicity
1968 Mexico Olympics
2 black members hold up black gloved fist in salute at medal ceremony
Who wanted to secure a separate black nation
Malcolm X
Under his violent tactics what did Malcolm X want to secure
Separate black nation
Which group of people did Malcolm X gain support from
Young black Americans
Who out of MLK and Malcolm X gained support from young black Americans
Malcolm X
True or false, Malcolm X’s views became the foundation for the Black Power and Black Panthers radical movements
True
What was Stokely Carmichael’s slogan
Black is beautiful
Main aim of black power movement
Increase power of Black people (hence name) + take pride in their heritage and be able to gain civil rights without NAACP and CORE etc
By 1968 how many members did the Black Panthers have
5000
Why did some black Americans dislike the Civil Rights Act
Didn’t go far enough (racism still occurs)
Didn’t end racism
Passed by white Presidents
Teachers could still be fired for taking part in civil rights protest
Still lack of voting rights for black people
Civil rights in transport facts
Rosa Parks arrested 1955
Sparks Montgomery bus boycott 1955/56 led by MLK and MIA and is successful as 75% bus customers are black so buses are made integrated in Montgomery (small scale but peaceful tactics have been effective)
1960/61 freedom rides led by CORE to test integration. In south buses burnt and violence including from KKK.
70,000 students take part
How many students take part in freedom rides
70,000
True or false, overall black people strongly contributed to the war effort
True
By 1944 how many black people were working in war factories
Nearly 2 million
What was Roosevelt’s role in improving jobs for black Americans in war
Banned discrimination against black Americans in factories arranged by the government that produced war goods (Fair Employment practices Committee)
What did Roosevelt set up in 1941 to prevent discrimination against Black people in war production factories
Fair Employment practices Committee
During the war, black Americans began the ‘Double….Campaign’
V
What was the Double V Campaign (initiated by African Americans in WW2)
They were fighting for victory over fascism abroad and victory over discrimination at home
How many blocks did Linda Brown have to walk to get to a black school even though there was a white school on her doorstep
20 blocks
What key non violent event marked the beginning of the civil rights movement and was led by MLK
Montgomery bus boycott 1955/56
What year was MLK awarded a Nobel Peace prize and what for
1964
Promoting non violence and equality of all races
Which civil rights campaigner won a Nobel Peace prize in 1964
MLK
For promoting non violence and equality of different races
Originally, Malcolm X was part of the Nation of Islam but he left this to form the….
Black nationalist organisation of Afro American Unity
Malcolm X formed the black nationalist organisation of…
Afro-American Unity
What were race riots
Events that occurred in major US cities in 1960s where young black Americans were still frustrated at the high levels of discrimination, especially in ghettos where many blacks people still lived in poverty and faced high levels of unemployment despite the Civil Rights Act having been passed in 1964
Race riots and racial violence leaked in summer of 1967 with riots in 125 US cities, each time involving many young black people being arrested and brutality with the police
Happened on such large scale with thousands of frustrated young black Americans being involved
Race riots were so prominent and large scale that Johnson created a report trying to look at the causes for race riots which were driven by high levels of racism and unemployment but the report was ignores
Outline Clinton’s economic policies
Cut Reaganomics
Decreased budget deficit
Unemployment rate lowest in 30 years
Unemployment rate lowest ever for African Americans
Created 22 million jobs
Minimum wage increased
(Managed all of this despite inheriting serious economic problems from Bush with 14% of people in poverty in 1992 and budget deficit beefing incredibly high)
Following Bush being president..% of Americans are in poverty in 1992
14%
Under which president are 14% of Americans in poverty and budget deficit has rapidly increased
Bush
(14% Americans in poverty in 1992)
What was the Whitewater Scandal
Clinton accused for having an affair with a former member of the White House staff in 1996 and was threatened with impeachment
One key example of how Kennedy’s New Frontier wasn’t effective/ didn’t solve issues of civil rights/ create social reform/ help economic situation
Still high levels of unemployment for African Americans in Ghettos which is evident by the race riots where Black Americans created violence in major US cities to show their frustration
(Not only high unemployment but shows issues with civil rights)
He used technology to try and boost and advance the economy and create more jobs which led to fewer workers being needed so actually had a negative impact on the economy
One key example of how Kennedy’s New Frontier wasn’t effective/ didn’t solve issues of civil rights/ create social reform/ help economic situation
Still high levels of unemployment for African Americans in Ghettos which is evident by the race riots where Black Americans created violence in major US cities to show their frustration
(Not only high unemployment but shows issues with civil rights)
He used technology to try and boost and advance the economy and create more jobs which led to fewer workers being needed so actually had a negative impact on the economy
Which civil rights group is inspired by non violent tactics of Gandhi in India
CORE
E.g sit ins
What are black Americans protesting against in 1965 March on Selma
Lack of voting rights even though Civil Rights Act has been passed
