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GCSE History- USA > Issue of Civil Rights > Flashcards

Issue of Civil Rights Flashcards

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1
Q

In 1954 what’s made unconstitutional

A

‘Separate but equal’ in Brown vs Board Ruling

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2
Q

Three examples of civil rights in education

A

Brown vs Topeka Board of education 1954
Little Rock high school 1957
James Meredith and Misisipi University 1962

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3
Q

What was the 1964 Civil Rights Act (4 parts)

A

Racial discrimination banned in employment
Equal Employment Opportunities Commission set up
Responsibility of federal government to bring cases to court to tackle discrimination
Black students given equal rights to enter all public places e.g schools

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4
Q

What year was the Civil Rights Act passed

A

1964

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5
Q

What Act was passed in 1965

A

Voting Rights Act

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6
Q

What did the Voting Rights Act 1965 do

A

End literacy tests
Stopped racial discrimination over the right to vote

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7
Q

What act was passed 1968

A

Fair Housing Act

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8
Q

What was the Fair Housing Act 1968

A

Made racial discrimination illegal in property market and housing

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9
Q

3 key legislations passed 1960s

A

Civil Rights Act 1964
Voting Rights Act 1965
Fair Housing Act 1968

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10
Q

What year were the Board of education taken to court by Oliver Brown with the help of the NAACP and why

A

1952
His daughter Linda Brown had to walk 20 blocks to get to her school when there was a school for white people on her doorstep

As a result in 1954 Supreme Court ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional

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11
Q

Who led 9 black children into a white only school in Little Rock 1957

A

Elizabeth Eckford

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12
Q

How did Eisenhower ensure the 9 black children attending Little Rick school were safe

A

Sent 1,000 federal troops of the 101st Airborne Division to protect them until they graduated at the end of the year

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13
Q

How many federal troops did Eisenhower send to Little Rock to protect the 9 black children

A

1,000

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14
Q

Why did Eisenhower need to send 1,000 federal troops to Little Rock school to protect the 9 children there

A

The Governor of Arkansas was preventing them from entering

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15
Q

Where was Little Rock High School

A

Arkansas

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16
Q

True or false, the Governor of Arkansas welcomed Elizabeth Eckford and the 8 other students into Little Rock High School

A

False, she prevents them from entering and surrounds the school with National guardsmen

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17
Q

How many soldiers remained on the university campus to protect Meredith until he graduated with a degree 3 years later

A

300

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18
Q

What year was Rosa Parks arrested

A

1955

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19
Q

Why was Rosa Parks arrested 1955

A

Refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white person which went against the law

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20
Q

Who organised the Montgomery bus boycott

A

The Montgomery Association Organisation (MIA)
Led Martin Luther King

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21
Q

What were freedom rides

A

Where campaigners led by CORE rode on interstate buses to see if integration was really happening

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22
Q

Why was it important that Little Rock involved the president

A

Showed it was an issue that could no longer be ignored and that the President and Federal government were prepared to actively act to help enforce integration

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23
Q

Why was it bad that the demonstrations evolving around Little Rock were shown on tv

A

It had a bad impact on the USA’s reputation because it showed just how against integration the south were and the extreme measures that were having to be put in place to protect the black children when the US had previously put itself forwards as ‘The Champion of Freedom and Equality’

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24
Q

What year was the James Meredith case

A

1962

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25
Q

Who was President during the James Meredith case

A

Kennedy

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26
Q

When was Martin Luther King’s ‘I have a dream’ speech

A

1963

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27
Q

What year was ‘The black Panthers’ founded

A

1966

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28
Q

Who had a 10 point programme including wanting freedom, employment and decent housing

A

The Black Panthers

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29
Q

Did Martin Luther King use violent or peaceful methods

A

Peaceful e.g marches, boycotts, sit ins…

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30
Q

Did Malcolm X use violent or peaceful methods

A

Violent

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31
Q

What 2 pieces of legislation did MLK help secure and lead to being passed

A

Civil Rights Act 1964
Voting Rights Act 1965

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32
Q

What does Rosa Park’s arrest lead to

A

Montgomery bus boycott 1955

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33
Q

When was the Montgomery bus boycott

A

1955/ 1956

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34
Q

When is the first time we see MLK in civil rights

A

Montgomery bus boycott 1955/ 1956
He leads the MIA who organise the bus boycott

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35
Q

Is the Montgomery bus boycott successful

A

Yes as it leads to buses becoming non- segregated in Montgomery (although this is very small scale and buses everywhere else are still segregated)

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36
Q

What % of bus customers that use the buses in Montgomery are black

A

75%

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37
Q

What stimulates the Montgomery bus boycott

A

Rosa Parks being arrested 1955

38
Q

Who inspires the sit ins in 1960

A

Martin Luther King’s peaceful tactics

39
Q

Who leads the sit ins

A

CORE

40
Q

True or false, sit ins and freedom rides occur at the same time and last for around 1 year each

A

True (1960/ 1961)

41
Q

True or false, freedom rides confirm that the south are resisting improvements in civil rights to black people

A

True
People travel on buses from north to south to see if they are integrated but in the south they are clearly not as the buses are attacked by racists and many freedom riders are arrested

42
Q

At what March is MLK arrested (but only has to spend a few days in jail)

A

March in Birmingham

43
Q

At what March does MLK give his ‘I Have a dream speech’

A

March on Washington

44
Q

What year are both the March on Birmingham and Washington

A

1963

45
Q

3 key marches led by MLK

A

Birmingham, Washington and Selma

46
Q

What year was the March on Selma

A

1965

47
Q

By 1957 how many black children attend previously segregated schools

A

300,000

48
Q

By 1957 how many black children still attend Jim Crow Schools in south

A

2.4 million

49
Q

Who was President during the Little Rock High school case

A

Eisenhower

50
Q

What 2 key civil right events did CORE lead

A

Sit ins, freedom rides (1960/61)

51
Q

In what way did NAACP try and gain civil rights

A

Challenging law/ legislation

52
Q

How many people were in the crowd when MLK delivered his ‘i have a dream’ speech

A

250,000

53
Q

Why is MLK’s I have a dream speech significant in key legislations for civil rights

A

Puts pressure on Kennedy to draft legislation for Civil Rights Act

54
Q

Which individual inspired Black Power and Black Panthers

A

Malcolm X

55
Q

One example of Black Power movement at Olympics

A

1968 Mexico City Olympics- 2 black athletes (members of black panthers) wear single black glove to give clenched fist salute

56
Q

Who inspired Stokely Carmichael

A

Malcolm X

57
Q

True or false, The Black Panthers were part of the bigger Black Power movement

A

True

58
Q

Who led the Black Power movement

A

Stokely Carmichael

59
Q

Who adopted the slogan ‘Black is beautiful’

A

Stokely Carmichael
(Leader of Black Power Movement)

60
Q

What happens in 1968 that gives the Black Power Movement Great publicity

A

1968 Mexico Olympics
2 black members hold up black gloved fist in salute at medal ceremony

61
Q

Who wanted to secure a separate black nation

A

Malcolm X

62
Q

Under his violent tactics what did Malcolm X want to secure

A

Separate black nation

63
Q

Which group of people did Malcolm X gain support from

A

Young black Americans

64
Q

Who out of MLK and Malcolm X gained support from young black Americans

A

Malcolm X

65
Q

True or false, Malcolm X’s views became the foundation for the Black Power and Black Panthers radical movements

A

True

66
Q

What was Stokely Carmichael’s slogan

A

Black is beautiful

67
Q

Main aim of black power movement

A

Increase power of Black people (hence name) + take pride in their heritage and be able to gain civil rights without NAACP and CORE etc

68
Q

By 1968 how many members did the Black Panthers have

A

5000

69
Q

Why did some black Americans dislike the Civil Rights Act

A

Didn’t go far enough (racism still occurs)
Didn’t end racism
Passed by white Presidents
Teachers could still be fired for taking part in civil rights protest
Still lack of voting rights for black people

70
Q

Civil rights in transport facts

A

Rosa Parks arrested 1955
Sparks Montgomery bus boycott 1955/56 led by MLK and MIA and is successful as 75% bus customers are black so buses are made integrated in Montgomery (small scale but peaceful tactics have been effective)
1960/61 freedom rides led by CORE to test integration. In south buses burnt and violence including from KKK.
70,000 students take part

71
Q

How many students take part in freedom rides

A

70,000

72
Q

True or false, overall black people strongly contributed to the war effort

A

True

73
Q

By 1944 how many black people were working in war factories

A

Nearly 2 million

74
Q

What was Roosevelt’s role in improving jobs for black Americans in war

A

Banned discrimination against black Americans in factories arranged by the government that produced war goods (Fair Employment practices Committee)

75
Q

What did Roosevelt set up in 1941 to prevent discrimination against Black people in war production factories

A

Fair Employment practices Committee

76
Q

During the war, black Americans began the ‘Double….Campaign’

A

V

77
Q

What was the Double V Campaign (initiated by African Americans in WW2)

A

They were fighting for victory over fascism abroad and victory over discrimination at home

78
Q

How many blocks did Linda Brown have to walk to get to a black school even though there was a white school on her doorstep

A

20 blocks

79
Q

What key non violent event marked the beginning of the civil rights movement and was led by MLK

A

Montgomery bus boycott 1955/56

80
Q

What year was MLK awarded a Nobel Peace prize and what for

A

1964
Promoting non violence and equality of all races

81
Q

Which civil rights campaigner won a Nobel Peace prize in 1964

A

MLK
For promoting non violence and equality of different races

82
Q

Originally, Malcolm X was part of the Nation of Islam but he left this to form the….

A

Black nationalist organisation of Afro American Unity

83
Q

Malcolm X formed the black nationalist organisation of…

A

Afro-American Unity

84
Q

What were race riots

A

Events that occurred in major US cities in 1960s where young black Americans were still frustrated at the high levels of discrimination, especially in ghettos where many blacks people still lived in poverty and faced high levels of unemployment despite the Civil Rights Act having been passed in 1964

Race riots and racial violence leaked in summer of 1967 with riots in 125 US cities, each time involving many young black people being arrested and brutality with the police

Happened on such large scale with thousands of frustrated young black Americans being involved

Race riots were so prominent and large scale that Johnson created a report trying to look at the causes for race riots which were driven by high levels of racism and unemployment but the report was ignores

85
Q

Outline Clinton’s economic policies

A

Cut Reaganomics
Decreased budget deficit
Unemployment rate lowest in 30 years
Unemployment rate lowest ever for African Americans
Created 22 million jobs
Minimum wage increased

(Managed all of this despite inheriting serious economic problems from Bush with 14% of people in poverty in 1992 and budget deficit beefing incredibly high)

86
Q

Following Bush being president..% of Americans are in poverty in 1992

A

14%

87
Q

Under which president are 14% of Americans in poverty and budget deficit has rapidly increased

A

Bush
(14% Americans in poverty in 1992)

88
Q

What was the Whitewater Scandal

A

Clinton accused for having an affair with a former member of the White House staff in 1996 and was threatened with impeachment

89
Q

One key example of how Kennedy’s New Frontier wasn’t effective/ didn’t solve issues of civil rights/ create social reform/ help economic situation

A

Still high levels of unemployment for African Americans in Ghettos which is evident by the race riots where Black Americans created violence in major US cities to show their frustration

(Not only high unemployment but shows issues with civil rights)

He used technology to try and boost and advance the economy and create more jobs which led to fewer workers being needed so actually had a negative impact on the economy

90
Q

One key example of how Kennedy’s New Frontier wasn’t effective/ didn’t solve issues of civil rights/ create social reform/ help economic situation

A

Still high levels of unemployment for African Americans in Ghettos which is evident by the race riots where Black Americans created violence in major US cities to show their frustration

(Not only high unemployment but shows issues with civil rights)

He used technology to try and boost and advance the economy and create more jobs which led to fewer workers being needed so actually had a negative impact on the economy

91
Q

Which civil rights group is inspired by non violent tactics of Gandhi in India

A

CORE
E.g sit ins

92
Q

What are black Americans protesting against in 1965 March on Selma

A

Lack of voting rights even though Civil Rights Act has been passed

GCSE History- USA (8 decks)

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