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GCSE History- USA > Political Change 1960- 2000 > Flashcards

Political Change 1960- 2000 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was president 1960-1963

A

JFK (Kennedy)

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2
Q

Who introduced the New Frontier

A

Kennedy (JFK)

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3
Q

Name of programme of reform that Kennedy introduced when he became President

A

The New Frontier

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4
Q

Main 3 aims of Kennedy’s New Frontier (his reform policies)

A

To deal with civil rights
Social reform
Economic reform

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5
Q

2 examples of economic reform as part of Kennedy’s new frontier

A

Gave grants to companies to invest in high tech equipment + trained workers to boost the economy
Made $900 million available to businesses to create new jobs and boost the economy

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6
Q

How much in $ did Kennedy make available to businesses as part of New Frontier in order to help create new jobs and boost the economy

A

$900 million

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7
Q

2 things Kennedy did as part of New Frontier to deal with Civil Rights

A

Appointed black people to his government
1962 made a major speech nationwide committing himself to the cause of black civil rights e.g as a consequence he tried to force governors of southern states to defend freedom riders

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8
Q

True or false, Kennedy tried to force Governors in southern states to defend freedom riders

A

True
As part of New Frontier he aimed to improve civil rights for black people and in 1962 gave a speech committing himself to this

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9
Q

2 things Kennedy did to tackle poverty e.g social deprivation and urban decline (social reform) as part of New frontier

A

Social Security Act- more money available for payments to elderly and unemployed
Operation head start- education law providing money to run down schools

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10
Q

What year was Kennedy assassinated

A

1963

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11
Q

Why was Kennedy unable to complete his New Frontier reform programme

A

He was assassinated 1963

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12
Q

True or false, Kennedy faced opposition in the Congress to his ideas

A

True
E.g many people in southern states believed he was moving too quickly with civil rights
Also by introducing high tech equipment it meant some people actually lost jobs

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13
Q

What does Johnson create when he becomes President that builds upon the New frontier

A

‘The Great Society’

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14
Q

Which came first ‘The New Frontier’ or ‘The Great Society’

A

The New Frontier (Kennedy’s Policies)
Then The Great Society (Johnson’s policies but built upon the New Frontier)

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15
Q

What year was Nixon elected President

A

1968

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16
Q

What does CREEP stand for

A

Committee to re-elect the president

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17
Q

What year was CREEP set up and by who

A

1972 by President Nixon

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18
Q

Why did Nixon set up CREEP in 1972

A

To ensure he would be re elected in the 1972 election (the purpose of the committee was to use ‘dirty tricks’ and set $35,000 aside to do whatever was needed to help Nixon win the election)

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19
Q

What happens in June 1972 involving the Watergate scandal

A

5 members of CREEP break into the Watergate offices of the DEMOCRAT party to pant a bugging device and are arrested
Reporters then discover that these 5 burglars were employed by CREEP which was funded and controlled by the White House however Nixon denies any involvement by him/ his advisors

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20
Q

What happens in Jan 1973 as part of Watergate scandal

A

5 burglars who were found planting bugging devices into the Watergate offices of the Democrat Party found guilty at trial
Nixon still denies any involvement but admits that 2 of his advisors were involved and as a result they resign later that year

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21
Q

From May to November 1973 what did the Senate committee do

A

Investigate the scandal

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22
Q

What is wrong with the tapes Nixon hands over in November 1973

A

They were heavily edited
1 had 18 mins missing
He only handed over 7 out of 9

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23
Q

What is Nixon forced to hand over in April 1974

A

All 9 unedited tapes

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24
Q

What was significant about April 1974

A

Nixon was forced to hand over the 9 unedited tapes which proved his involvement in the ‘dirty tricks’ campaign and that he had repeatedly lied throughout the investigation. The tapes also contained lots of foul language which shocked the nation

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25
Q

True or false, when Nixon finally handed over the 9 unedited tapes in April 1974 they contained lots of strong language which shocked the nation

A

True

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26
Q

What is Nixon forced to hand over in 1974

A

All 9 tapes unedited

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27
Q

Why does Nixon resign in August 1974

A

To avoid impeachment (being put on trial) because he knew that he would be found guilty as the tale had proved that he was involved in the ‘dirty tricks’ campaign

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28
Q

When did Nixon resign

A

August 1974

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29
Q

True or false, in July 1974 (soon after the 9 unedited tales were handed over) the congress decided to impeach Nixon (put him on trial)

A

True

30
Q

What did the Watergate scandal do to Nixon’s reputation

A

Destroyed it and he became untrustworthy + it brought down his other achievements and he became nicknamed ‘Tricky Dicky’

31
Q

Why did the Watergate scandal destroy Nixon’s reputation

A

He set up a committee using government money to try and plant bugging devices into other parties offices to listen to their tactics and repeatedly lied about any involvement throughout

32
Q

How did the Watergate Scandal damage the US reputation from abroad

A

Made USA a laughing stock
USSR used it as an example of corruption of a Capitalist system

33
Q

What 2 reputations did the Watergate Scandal destroy

A

Nixon’s reputation
US Reputation abroad

34
Q

How did the Watergate scandal change attitudes to Politicians

A

Undermined people’s confidence in them
The next President was voted for because he promised that he would never lie so Americans believe they could trust him

35
Q

Why was Jimmy Carter voted for as president in 1976 (why was he appealing)

A

He promised he would never lie so Americans believed that they could trust him
This was important following the watergate scandal by Nixon where he had continuously lied and let down American belief in Politicians

36
Q

How did the Watergate Scandal change the powers of Government

A

Measures were put in place to reduce their power e.g president not being able to use money for their own purposes like Nixon did

37
Q

What is impeachment

A

To bring the US president to trial for treason

38
Q

List the 6 presidents and the years they were president for from 1961 to 1989

A

Kennedy_ 1961-63
Johnson_ 1963-69
Nixon_1969-74
Ford_1974-77
Carter_1977-81
Reagan_1981-89

39
Q

What Acts were put in place to reduce the powers of government following the watergate scandal

A

War powers Act 1973
Election Campaign Act 1974
Privacy Act 1974
Congressional Budget Act 1974

40
Q

Name of act introduced 1974 following watergate scandal that meant president couldn’t use government money for own purposes (as Nixon had done)

A

Congressional Budget Act

41
Q

How much money did CREEP put aside to help Nixon win the 1972 election

A

$35,000

42
Q

Briefly outline ‘Reaganomics’

A

Reagan’s economic policies in 1980s
Involved reducing taxes so that wealthy Americans would spend more money (put into the economy) so that it could trickle down to the poor

43
Q

True or false, Reaganomics was effective

A

False, national debt rose to nearly $1 trillion

44
Q

True or false, the Great Society was very similar to the New Frontier and lots of the acts were the same

A

True
Both had same 3 aims

45
Q

Who passed the Civil Rights Act 1964

A

Johnson
However it was Kennedy who first introduced it although was assassinated in 1963 before he could pass the law

46
Q

Which had more failures, the Great Society or the New Frontier

A

The New Frontier as there was more opposition
However at the same time without the New Frontier it would have been unlikely for Johnson to ever introduce the Great Society

47
Q

True or false, Kennedy’s New Frontier faced opposition from the congress

A

True

48
Q

Which president was responsible for keeping James Meredith safe at University

A

Kennedy

49
Q

1 social reform that Johnson introduced in the Great society

A

Medical care Act 1965
(Helped elderly in particular)

50
Q

When was Bush President

A

1989- 1993

51
Q

2 key acts Bush passed when president between 1989- 1993

A

Disability Act
Clean Air Act

52
Q

True or false, Reagan inherited severe economic problems upon becoming President in 1981

A

True
In the 1970s there was increased recession especially due to war

53
Q

Recession meaning

A

Economic decline
This particularly occurred in the 1970s leading to Reagan inheriting some serious economic problems

54
Q

Name for act under Reagan that Severely cut taxes

A

Economic recovery tax act

55
Q

Overall whose policies were a lot more effective Bush or Clinton’s

A

Clinton’s
Helped recover economic situation much better

56
Q

Who passed the Disability Act and Clean Air Act

A

Bush

57
Q

Who was President first, Clinton or Bush

A

Bush

58
Q

When was Clinton President

A

1992-2001

59
Q

Who was President when unemployment reached the lowest rate in 30 years

A

Clinton

60
Q

When Clinton was President between 1992 and 2001 unemployment reached the lowest rate in how many years

A

30

61
Q

6 key things Kennedy did under his New Frontier 1960-1963 (2 social reforms, 2 economic reforms, 2 civil rights)

A

Social reform
Operation Head start (money to help run down schools)
Social security Act (payments especially for elderly and unemployed)

Economic reform
$900 million invested into businesses (help create new jobs)
Help companies get high tech equipment

Civil Rights
Appoint black people in government
1962 speech dedicating himself to cause of civil rights e.g for governors to protect freedom riders in south

62
Q

Describe Watergate scandal

A

1972 Nixon sets up CREEP to set aside $35 million for ‘dirty tricks’ to ensure he will be re-elected in the 1972 presidential election
1) 5 members of CREEP break into Watergate offices of Democrat party but Nixon denies any involvement and wins the 1972 election by a landslide victory
2) 1973 all Watergate burglars went on trial and were convicted but Nixon still denies involvement
3) 1973 It was revealed that all of Nixon’s orders for CREEP had been taped but he refused to hand them over- first he handed over 7 out of the 9 but they were heavily edited and some had large chunks missing- he finally hands them all over in April 1974 and resigns in August to avoid impeachment from the congress

63
Q

Facts about Reagan

A

1980 becomes president and inherits severe economic problems including world recesión (economic decline) and high budget deficit (government spends more money than it receives through taxes so has to borrow money)

Space programme- developed ‘Star Wars Programme’ which was expensive and put further strain in economy
AIDS- first is dismissive to huge number of AIDS in A,Erica but by 1989 spend huge amount of money on AIDS research
Civil Rights- unwilling to make MLK birthday a national holiday and only does it due to overwhelming approval for it in the Congress
Drugs- creates term war on drugs due to seeing forbidden drugs being used as threat to society so creates coordinated drug related policies through the government

64
Q

Facts about Disability Act passed by Bush 1990

A

Discrimination against those with disabilities forbidden including in employment, public accommodation and transportation
Considered most important anti discrimination legislation since Civil Rights Act

65
Q

What act was considered the most important anti- discrimination Act legislation passed since Civil Rights Act 1964

A

Disability Act 1990

66
Q

What scandal with Clinton involved in

A

Whitewater scandal 1996

67
Q

In 1996 Clinton was involved in the….scandal

A

Whitewater

68
Q

One way Clinton’s policies didn’t improve the lives of Americans

A

Didn’t introduce any policies to tackle issues with drugs which was still a huge problem amongst the younger generations
He didn’t do anything to help older people who weren’t actively seeking a job and were therefore unable to benefit from the rise in minimum wage etc

69
Q

How far did Reagan’s reform policies deal with the social and economic problems facing America

A

1) carried out government initiated response by declaring ‘war on drugs’ in order to try and tackle huge use of illegal drugs in society, especially amongst young people that was partly responsible for violent and brutal behaviour
2) invested over $2 billion to research in AIDS as this was a massive health issue that led to thousands of deaths in the 1980s so was a stepping stone to helping to keep society healthy and safer
3) made economic situation so much worse despite him having already inherited serious economic problems like recession and budget deficit. His policy of Reaganomics led to national debt rising to nearly $1 trillion as the government simply weren’t receiving enough funding through taxes and it didn’t solve the wealth gap between the richer and poorer parts of society as he’d hoped

70
Q

How far did Clinton’s policies improve the lives of Americans in the 1990s

A

1) Despite poverty being 14% in 1992, he managed to reduce unemployment levels to the lowest rate in 30 years through creating 22 million jobs meaning standard of living increased as people have money to spend on entertainment tv
2) lowest ever unemployment rates for back Americans so he wasn’t just helping white Americans, he was also massively helping black Americans which showed progress in Civil Rights
3) didn’t do anything to tackle drug use which was particularly a problem amongst the younger generations. He didn’t do anything to help elderly people who weren’t seeking employment and therefore didn’t benefit from the increase in minimum wage etc

GCSE History- USA (8 decks)

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