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Science > SCX - Physics Energy > Flashcards

SCX - Physics Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

Heat Energy

A

A form of energy that can be transferred. It is the total kinetic and potential energies of the particles that make up the object. Symbol = Q, Unit = J

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2
Q

Temperature

A

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance. Symbol = T, Unit = °C

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3
Q

Joule(s)

A

The unit for energy. Unit = J

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4
Q

Celcius

A

A temperature scale based around the melting and boiling points of water, Unit = °C

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5
Q

Kelvin

A

A temperature scale that starts from absolute zero, Unit = K

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6
Q

Absolute zero

A

The theoretical temperature at which all particles would stop moving (-273°C)

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7
Q

Solid

A

Particles are packed tightly in a fixed pattern. Gently vibrating but are held together by a strong force

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8
Q

Liquid

A

Particles are moving and can slide past each other. They are not held together in a fixed pattern. Held together by a weaker force

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9
Q

Gas

A

Particles are spread far apart and move about very quickly forces holding there movement cannot overcome there rapid movements

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10
Q

Thermal Conductor

A

A Thermal Conductor allows heat energy to flow through it

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11
Q

Thermal Insulator

A

A Thermal Conductor restricts the flow of heat energy through it

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12
Q

Thermal

A

Relating to heat energy

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13
Q

Easiest way to decide whether conduction is responsible for heat transfer

A
  • Normally in Solids however there are rare instances where is also occurs in liquids and gases
  • Objects are touching
  • Objects are not moving to cause the transfer (Stationary)
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14
Q

When does Convection occur

A

Convection occurs when the particles are free to move. This means that the objects must either be a liquid or gas

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15
Q

How does Convection occur

A

Ek increases -> vibrates more -> Forces weaken -> Moves apart -> Volume increase -> Density Decreases -> Heat rises (vice versa)

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16
Q

Density Formula

A

D = m/V

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17
Q

Convection

A

The heat transfer process that occurs because objects are fluid. Their particles are free to move

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18
Q

Radiation

A

The heat transfers process that occus without the need for particles/can travel through a vacuum

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19
Q

Thermal Energy

A

The energy possessed by an object due to the movement of the particles within them.

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20
Q

Heat Transfer

A

The transfer of thermal energy between molecules within a system. An object can gain heat or lose heat, either heating up or cooling down

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21
Q

Equation for heat energy with Temp change

A

Q = mcΔT

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22
Q

Equation for Latent heat energy

A

Q = mL

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23
Q

m

A

mass kg

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24
Q

c

A

Specific Heat Capacity (J kg-1 °C-1)

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25
Q

ΔT

A

Temperature Change (°C)

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26
Q

L

A

Latent Heat (J Kg-1)

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27
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1 °C

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28
Q

Latent Heat

A

A measure of how much heat energy is absorbed or released when 1kg of substance changes state without changing temperature

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29
Q

Conduction

A

The heat transfer process that occurs because objects are touching

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30
Q

Equation for Power

A

P = E/t

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31
Q

P

A

Power (Watts)

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32
Q

E

A

Energy (Joules)

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33
Q

t

A

Time (seconds)

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34
Q

Amplitude (A)

A

This is the maximum displacement of the wave from its equilibrium position, measured in metres (m)

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35
Q

Wavelength (λ)

A

This is the distance between two corresponding points in phase eg crest to crest, measured in metres (λ)

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36
Q

Time Period (T)

A

This is the time taken for one complete wave to pass a point, measured in seconds (s)

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37
Q

Frequency (f)

A

This is either the number of complete waves to pass a point each second, or alternatively the number of complete waves produced each second, measured in Hz or s-1

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38
Q

Wave Velocity (V)

A

The velocity of the wave is a measure of how fast a wave moves, measured in ms-1

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39
Q

Wave

A

Waves transfer energy without the transfer of matter

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40
Q

Oscillation of Longitudinal Waves

A

Parallel (Left and Right)

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41
Q

Oscillation of Transverse Waves

A

Perpendicular (Up and Down)

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42
Q

Examples of Transverse Waves (4)

A
  • Water
  • Light
  • Electromagnetic (EMR)
  • S Earthquakes
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43
Q

Examples of Longitudinal Waves (2)

A
  • Sound Waves
  • P Earthquakes
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44
Q

Micro (µ)

A

x10^-6

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45
Q

Nano (n)

A

x10^-9

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46
Q

Pico (P)

A

x10^-12

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47
Q

milli (m)

A

x10^-3

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48
Q

Equation for frequency

A

f = V/λ

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49
Q

Equation for time (waves)

A

T = 1/f

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50
Q

Similarities between Conduction and Convection

A

Both are methods of heat transfer. Both involve the movement of energy from a hotter region to a cooler region.

51
Q

Differences between Conduction and Convection

A

In conduction, heat is transferred from one atom or molecule to another through direct conduct. On the other hand, Convection heat is transferred by the movement of the fluid itself.
(Note: Remember to define both and provide examples)

52
Q

Describe heat transfer by radiation

A

Occurs when warm objects emit electromagnetic radiation. When they strike an object they are either absorbed, heating the object, or reflected. (+Define Radiation)

53
Q

Describe solar radiation

A

A general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun. Includes all the wavelengths that make up the visible spectrum, and invisible wavelengths

54
Q

Speed Equation

A

V = d/t

55
Q

What is the speed of light / air

A

3 x 10^8 m/s

56
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Radio/TV - Microwaves - Infrared - ROYGBIV - Ultraviolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays

57
Q

Application/Uses of Radio waves

A

Communication (radio and TV)

58
Q

Application/Uses of Microwave Waves

A

Heating food, communication (WiFi, mobile phones, satellites)

59
Q

Application/Uses of Infrared

A

Remote Controls, Fibre optic Communication, Thermal imaging, night vision, motion sensors, heating or cooling things

60
Q

Application/Uses of Visible light

A

Seeing and taking photographs/videos, fibre optic communication

61
Q

Application/Uses of Ultraviolet

A

Security marking (fluoresce), Fluorescent bulbs, Getting a. sun tan

62
Q

Application/Uses of X-rays

A

X-ray images (medicine, airport security etc)

63
Q

Application/Uses of Gamma rays

A

Sterilising medicine instruments, treating cancer

64
Q

Properties of mechanical waves

A
  • Produces by disturbances in a medium
  • Need medium
65
Q

Properties of Electromagnetic waves

A
  • Produced by disturbance in electric and magnetic fields
  • No medium is necessary, can travel in a vacuum
66
Q

The higher the frequency…

A

The higher the pitch

67
Q

The higher the amplitude…

A

The louder the sound/ The brighter the light

68
Q

Law of reflection

A

Angle of reflection is equal to angle of incidence

69
Q

Index of refraction (n)

A

A ratio of the speed that light travels through a vacuum, compared to the speed that light travels through a specific medium

70
Q

Index of refraction formula

A

n = c/v
c = Speed of light in a vacuum, m/s
v = Speed of light in the medium, m/s

71
Q

Snell’s Law

A

n(1) sinθ(i) = n(2) sinθ(r)

72
Q

Mega

A

x10^6

73
Q

What is Particle Theory

A

All matter is made of particles which are always moving

74
Q

°C to K

A

+273

75
Q

Km/h -> m/s

A

/3.6

76
Q

Law of Energy Conservation

A

Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can only be converted from one form to another

77
Q

Magnetic metals (Ferro magnetic material)

A
  • Iron
  • Nickel
  • Cobalt
78
Q

Paramagnetic Material

A

Cannot Magnetise

79
Q

Soft metal

A

Easy to magnetise but also loses its magnetism easily. Used in electromagnets and transformers

80
Q

Hard Metal

A

Harder to magnetise and also does not lose its magnetism easily. Used in permanent magnets

81
Q

Where do field lines run

A

North to South

82
Q

Magnetic Domains

A

All pieces of iron and steel are made of millions of these tiny magnetic domains

83
Q

Unmagnetised piece of iron

A

Magnetic domains are pointing in all directions so cancel out each other. Overall the iron is not magnetised

84
Q

Magnetised piece of iron

A

Magnetic domains pointing the same way. The iron is magnetised

85
Q

How is the direction of current symbolised

A

. = current towards (anti-clockwise)
x = current away (clockwise)

86
Q

Magnetic field calculating

A

B = KI/d

87
Q

K

A

Magnetic Constant = 2x10^-7

88
Q

B

A

Strength of magnetic field around the wire is tesla, T

89
Q

I

A

Current in amperes of amps (A)

90
Q

Solenoids

A
  • Controllable
  • A coil of wire
91
Q

Right hand Solenoid rule

A

Curl fingers in direction of conventional current, thumb will point to the North

92
Q

How to make a field stronger

A
  • By increasing the current through the wire (increasing Voltage or Decreasing Resistance)
  • By placing a strong iron core in the middle of the coil
  • By increasing the length of the wire (increasing num of loops or increasing the Area of the coil)
93
Q

Uses of Electromagnets

A
  • Used on cranes in steel-works and scrapyards
  • Used to remove splinters of iron or steel
  • Electric bells/doors
94
Q

Constructive magnetism

A

2 magnetic fields which move in the same direction, they add or amplify the magnetic field

95
Q

Destructive Magnetism

A

2 magnetic fields which move in opposite directions, they cancel out or subtract

96
Q

Alternating current (AC)

A

An electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time

97
Q

Feature of AC Generator

A
  • Contains 2 slip rings
  • Within a magnetic field
98
Q

Uses of AC generator

A

Used in homes, industries and utilities for powering appliances and machinery

99
Q

Features of DC Generator

A
  • Contains split ring
100
Q

Main Nuclear Fuels

A

Uranium and Plutonium

101
Q

How is the energy from the sun transferred that falls on earth

A

By radiation, mostly visible light and infrared radiation

102
Q

Harnessing solar energy

A

Solar energy has a low energy density, which means large collecting devices are required

103
Q

Advantages of Solar energy

A
  • Renewable source
  • In many places on earth this is a reliable source
  • Produce no greenhouse gases or pollution
  • Can be generated in remote locations where they don’t have energy
104
Q

Disadvantages of Solar energy

A
  • Expensive
  • Visual Pollution
  • Some places on earth where this is not a reliable source
105
Q

Conditions for critical angle

A
  • More optically dense to less optically dense substance
  • Angle of refraction in 90deg
106
Q

Critical Angle

A

The incident angle which causes an angle of refraction to be 90deg.

107
Q

Diffraction

A

The bending of a wave as it passes through a small opening or around a barrier

108
Q

Photons

A
  • Fundamental particles which make up all forms of EMR
  • A photon is a massless “packet” or a quantum of EM energy
109
Q

Diffraction proportions

A

Diffraction is proportional to the wavelength but inversely proportional to the distance

110
Q

Wavelength of 4G/45/Bluetooth

A

High frequency radio waves

111
Q

Why is Radioactive Waste bad

A

Radioactive waste is hazardous due to its potential to emit radiation, which can harm living organisms and the environment

112
Q

Why is Radioactive Waste bad points

A
  • Radioactive exposure
  • Longevity
  • Contamination
  • Accidents and Leaks
113
Q

How Radioactive Waste is managed

A
  1. Segregation
  2. Containment
  3. Transportation
  4. Disposal
  5. Monitoring
114
Q

Advantages of Nuclear Power

A
  • Low Energy Gas emissions
  • High Energy Density
  • Reliability
  • Technological advances
  • Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels
115
Q

Disadvantages of Nuclear Power

A
  • Radioactive Waste
  • Risk of Accidents
  • Limited Fuel Supply
  • High Initial Costs
116
Q

Magnetic Fields

A

An area where a ferromagnetic metal or charge experiences a force.

117
Q

photoelectric effect

A

Occurs when photons of light strike a piece of metal and cause a potential difference to occur by displacing electrons.

118
Q

kilo (k)

A

x10^3

119
Q

mega, M

A

x10^6

120
Q

giga, G

A

x10^9

121
Q

Why can you not see around a wall but hear sounds around a wall?

A

Because sound has a large wavelength so there is more bending and a short wavelength for light so there is less bending

122
Q

Wave nature of light

A

Diffraction or Interference

123
Q

What is the point of nuclear fission for nuclear power

A

The energy from the fission reaction is used to heat the water to steam which turns the turbines

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