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SCX - Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Conditions of prebiotic Earth

A

Atmosphere: Low Oxygen and lots of volatile gases
Temperature: Really high, molten surface
UV: High UV radiation, Ozone layer hadn’t formed yet
Water: Initially low

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2
Q

What is the Miller-Urey experiment

A

The conditions of prebiotic earth was simulated. With this experiment a variety of organic compounds including amino acids were formed from inorganic compounds. This shows carbon compounds could have formed spontaneously

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3
Q

Define Cell

A

The smallest unit of life

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4
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are made of cells, and those cells come from preexisting cells

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5
Q

MRS GREN

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

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6
Q

Prokaryote cells

A
  • DNA is not contained in nucleus
  • No membrane bound organelle
  • Small and simple organisation
  • Structurally simple
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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Membrane bound nucleus
  • Membrane bound organelle
  • Large and complex
  • Structurally complex
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8
Q

Define Microorganism

A

A living thing that is small often microscopic, often single celled

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9
Q

Movement

A

When an organism changes its own position, using its own energy

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10
Q

Respiration

A

A chemical reaction that occurs in cells where glucose reacts with oxygen to release energy for life processes.

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11
Q

Breathing

A

The process of taking in oxygen and giving out CO2

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12
Q

Sensitivity

A

The way organisms respond to their environment

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13
Q

Growth

A

An organism develops and gains mass

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14
Q

Reproduction

A

The production of offspring

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15
Q

Excretion

A

When an organism release waste materials it has made

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16
Q

Nutrition

A

When an organism produces or gains glucose that it uses to make energy for itself

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17
Q

Slime Capsule

A

Protects the bacteria and prevents it from dehydrating

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18
Q

Cell Wall

A

Maintains the shape of the bacterium

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19
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Controls the entry and exit of substances

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Ideal conditions for cellular reactions

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20
Q

Genetic material

A

Controls the cellular reactions

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21
Q

Flagella

A

Allows the bacteria to move

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22
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexual Reproduction where the parent splits into two daughter bacteria by mitosis

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23
Q

Binary Fission process

A
  • The DNA copies itself
  • The cell membrane pinches the cytoplasm in half
  • Two identical bacterium form
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24
Q

Extracellular Digestion

A
  • Bacteria secrete enzymes onto their food source
  • Enzymes chemically digest the food into smaller molecules outside
  • Bacteria then absorbs the digested food
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25
Q

Excretion (Passive)

A

Waste material diffuses out through the cell membrane when the inside of the cell is higher in concentration than the outside

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26
Q

Aerobic Respiration in bacteria

A

The breakdown of glucose using oxygen, Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP Energy

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27
Q

Anaerobic Respiration in bacteria

A

The breakdown of sugars without using oxygen, Lactose -> Lactic Acid + Water

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28
Q

Protein Coat / Capsid

A

Protects the genetic material

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29
Q

Genetic Material (Viruses)

A

Holds the instructions to replicate more viruses

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30
Q

Spike Protein

A

Allows these viruses to penetrate host cells

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31
Q

Sporangium

A

Swelling at the tips of the hyphae that produce and contain spores

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32
Q

Spores

A

Small reproductive cells

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33
Q

Hyphae

A

Fine threads that grow throughout a food source and carry out extra cellular digestion. Some grow upwards to aid in spore disposal

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34
Q

Mycelium

A

A network of Hypahe

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35
Q

Fungi Reproduction (Rhizopus Fungi)

A

The Sporangium burst releasing the spores into the air. The Spores that land on moist food, germinate and grow hypahe

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36
Q

Budding

A
  • A bud forms on the parent cell
  • Nucleus divides via mitosis
  • Bud separates from parent cell
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37
Q

Extracellular digestion (Fungi)

A
  • The hyphae of fungi secrete enzymes into their food source
  • The enzymes chemically digest the food into smaller molecules outside the hyphae
  • The fungi then absorbs the digested food
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38
Q

Respiration (Fungi)

A

Anaerobic respiration in fungi - Fermentation
Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

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39
Q

Excretion (active)

A

When the outside of the cell is higher in concentration than the inside, the waste materials diffuse through but it uses energy

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40
Q

Bread Microbes

A

Yeast, for the CO2 as it makes the dough rise

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41
Q

Beer Microbes

A

Yeast so carbon dioxide is produced, for the bubbles and fizzing. Also to create ethanol which is an alcohol

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42
Q

Cheese Bacteria

A

To solidify the mixture to form curds

43
Q

Yoghurt Bacteria

A

To solidify the mixture to form curds

44
Q

Bread and Beer Microbes Life Processes

A

Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation; Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

45
Q

Cheese and Yoghurt Microbes Life Processes

A

Anaerobic Respiration; Lactose + Water -> Lactic Acid

46
Q

Gut Microbiome Benefit/Affect us

A
  • Aid Digestion and Nutrient Absorption
  • Immune System Support
  • Protection against Disease
  • Helps produce vitamins B and K and short-chain fatty acids
  • Fermentation: Gut bacteria can ferment dietary fibre producing beneficial compounds
47
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins which act as biological catalysts

48
Q

Enzymes at low temp

A

Rate of life processes slow

49
Q

Enzymes at high temp

A

Rate of life processes can slow or stop if too hot (Enzymes Denature)

50
Q

pH on Life Processes

A

Above and Below the optimum, enzymes in the microbe denatures so life processes are slowed or stop

51
Q

Decomposers

A

An organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, making organic nutrients available to the ecosystem

52
Q

Usage of microbes in sewage treatment (Aerobic)

A

Nutrients from wastewater + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water.
Liquid components are digested by aerobic bacteria, breakdown and oxidise the organism components.

53
Q

Usage of microbes in sewage treatment (Anaerobic)

A

Nutrients from Sludge -> Methane + Carbon Dioxide
Sludge Components are digested by anaerobic microbes.

54
Q

Nitrogen Fixing (Nitrogen Cycle)

A

Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium which plants can use and take up

55
Q

Nitrification (Nitrogen Cycle)

A

Nitrifying bacteria convert Ammonium into Nitrite and then into Nitrate as it is the primary source of oxygen plus nitrogen is used to make Amino Acids and DNA

56
Q

Ammonification (Nitrogen Cycle)

A

Decomposers break down dead organisms and waste which contains nitrogen then convert them into Ammonium to be taken up and used.

57
Q

Assimilation (Nitrogen Cycle)

A

The process by which plants and animals take up nitrogen compounds from the environment and incorporate them into their biomass

58
Q

Denitrification (Nitrogen Cycle)

A

Convert nitrate and nitrite back into nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide. This process is essential for returning nitrogen to the atmosphere.This prevents the accumulation of excess nitrates which can have negative environmental impacts

59
Q

Microorganisms in Compost

A

Saprophytic bacteria breakdown dead organic matter such as lawn clippings, leaves and food waste. They do Aerobic respiration,

60
Q

Importance of the Carbon Cycle

A

Microorganisms play a crucial role in the carbon cycle, a natural process that regulates the flow of carbon through the Earth’s ecosystems.

61
Q

Decomposition (Carbon Cycle)

A

Carbon in the form of organic compounds is converted into carbon dioxide and returned to the atmosphere

62
Q

Photosynthesis (Carbon Cycle)

A

Microscopic photosynthesis organisms capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into organic matter

63
Q

Respiration (Carbon Cycle)

A

Microbes, along with plants and animals, participate in respiration, releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

64
Q

Carbon Sequestration (Carbon Cycle)

A

Certain microbes, particularly those in soil can help stabilise and store organic carbon in the soil, reducing the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere

65
Q

Methane Production and Consumption (Carbon Cycle)

A

Methanogenic archaea produce methane in anaerobic environments, whole methane oxidising bacteria consume it, converting it into CO2

66
Q

First step of microbes in sewage treatment

A

The sewage passes through screens to remove solids that are over 3mm in size. These are collected and trucked to landfill.

67
Q

Second step of microbes in sewage treatment

A

The sewage then passes into a sedimentation tank where sludge settles and is separated from the liquid.

68
Q

Third step of microbes in sewage treatment

A

The liquid component passes to an aeration tank. The aerobic microbes remove contaminants and reduce the N and P in the wastewater.

69
Q

Fourth/Last step of microbes in sewage treatment

A

The sludge component passes into an anaerobic digester where anaerobic microbes digest the sludge producing methane and carbon dioxide.

70
Q

Use of Methane and Sludge after put through the sewage treatment

A

The methane is used to create electricity to power the plant and the digested sludge can be used as compost.

71
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease Causing microorganism

72
Q

Bacterial Pathogens

A
  • Staphylococcus
  • Salmonella
73
Q

Viral Pathogens

A
  • Measles
  • Covid-19
  • Influenza
73
Q

Fungal Pathogens

A
  • Ringworm
  • Thrush
74
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Harmful microbes in environment which can grow on food

75
Q

Salmonella

A

Eating raw or uncooked food or unpasteurised milk

76
Q

Bacteria pathogens Treated

A

Can be treated with anti-biotics

77
Q

Fungal pathogens Treated

A

Can be treated with topical creams

78
Q

Viral pathogens Treated

A

No cure. Vaccines are preventative

79
Q

Biotic factors

A

Disease, predation, and competition among species or within a single species

80
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Oxygen availability, Temperature, pH, and Moisture

81
Q

Soap

A

Will remove most microbes from the surface of the skin. Does not kill microbes

82
Q

Antiseptics

A

Inhibit bacteria reproduction. Not harmful to skin cells. Applied to cuts and prior to surgical incisions, Iodine and Alcohol

83
Q

Disinfectants

A

Inhibit bacteria reproduction. Harmful to skin cells. Cleaning products, Bleach

84
Q

Antibiotics

A

A chemical produced by fungi that kill or inhibit the reproduction and growth of bacteria

85
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

A

When bacteria change so that antibiotics can’t kill them or stop their growth

86
Q

Immune System

A

A complex network of organs, cells and proteins that defend against pathogens

87
Q

3 lines of defence

A
  1. Physical and Chemical Barriers
  2. Non Specific attack
  3. Specific immune system response
88
Q

Physical and Chemical Barriers

A

Skin, Sweat, tears, and cilia in the airways. Stop pathogens from entering the body

89
Q

Non Specific attack

A

Phagocytes, a white blood cell. Attack and engulf any foreign particles

90
Q

Specific immune system response

A

Memory Lymphocytes, a white blood cell. They make specific antibodies and recognise the foreign particles

91
Q

Antibodies

A

Attack and destroy antigens

92
Q

Passive Immunity

A

When antibodies are transferred to a person who has never been exposed to the pathogen. Breast milk

93
Q

Active Immunity

A

The actions of your immune system in response to an infection by a pathogen. The person gains immunity after being exposed to a live pathogen

94
Q

Vaccination

A

Stimulate an active immune response allowing the person to produce antibodies without developing the disease.

95
Q

Nitrogen Cycle parts

A
  1. Nitrogen Fixing
  2. Nitrification
  3. Denitrification
  4. Ammonification
  5. Assimilation
96
Q

Carbon Cycle parts

A
  1. Decomposition
  2. Photosynthesis
  3. Respiration
  4. Carbon Sequestration
  5. Methane Production and Consumption
97
Q

How diseases can be spread

A
  • Through the air
  • Contact with contaminated person or surfaces/objects
  • Bodily fluids
  • Animal to human eg. Avian flu
98
Q

Food Safety (5)

A
  • Wash hands, with soap and warm water
  • Stored in correct temp
  • Stored in sealed containers
  • Avoid cross contamination through equipment
  • Cooked Throughly
99
Q

How antibiotics work

A

Interferes with the cell wall so the bacteria dies or they may inhibit protein synthesis or stop DNA replication

100
Q

How life arose - 1

A

The formation of simple organic molecules from inorganic molecules.

101
Q

How life arose -2

A

The assembly of carbon compounds into polymers.

102
Q

How life arose - 3

A

The formation of a polymer that can self-replicate

103
Q

How life arose - 4

A

Forming a cell

104
Q

How cells form - order

A
  1. Inorganic Compounds
  2. Organic Monomers
  3. Polymers
  4. Self Replication
  5. Formation of a cell
105
Q

Herd immunity

A

When a large portion of a population becomes immune to a disease reducing the overall spread of the disease.

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