SCX - Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Conditions of prebiotic Earth
A
Atmosphere: Low Oxygen and lots of volatile gases
Temperature: Really high, molten surface
UV: High UV radiation, Ozone layer hadn’t formed yet
Water: Initially low
2
Q
What is the Miller-Urey experiment
A
The conditions of prebiotic earth was simulated. With this experiment a variety of organic compounds including amino acids were formed from inorganic compounds. This shows carbon compounds could have formed spontaneously
3
Q
Define Cell
A
The smallest unit of life
4
Q
Cell Theory
A
All living things are made of cells, and those cells come from preexisting cells
5
Q
MRS GREN
A
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
6
Q
Prokaryote cells
A
- DNA is not contained in nucleus
- No membrane bound organelle
- Small and simple organisation
- Structurally simple
7
Q
Eukaryotic cells
A
- Membrane bound nucleus
- Membrane bound organelle
- Large and complex
- Structurally complex
8
Q
Define Microorganism
A
A living thing that is small often microscopic, often single celled
9
Q
Movement
A
When an organism changes its own position, using its own energy
10
Q
Respiration
A
A chemical reaction that occurs in cells where glucose reacts with oxygen to release energy for life processes.
11
Q
Breathing
A
The process of taking in oxygen and giving out CO2
12
Q
Sensitivity
A
The way organisms respond to their environment
13
Q
Growth
A
An organism develops and gains mass
14
Q
Reproduction
A
The production of offspring
15
Q
Excretion
A
When an organism release waste materials it has made
16
Q
Nutrition
A
When an organism produces or gains glucose that it uses to make energy for itself
17
Q
Slime Capsule
A
Protects the bacteria and prevents it from dehydrating
18
Q
Cell Wall
A
Maintains the shape of the bacterium
19
Q
Cell Membrane
A
Controls the entry and exit of substances
19
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Ideal conditions for cellular reactions
20
Q
Genetic material
A
Controls the cellular reactions
21
Q
Flagella
A
Allows the bacteria to move
22
Q
Binary Fission
A
Asexual Reproduction where the parent splits into two daughter bacteria by mitosis
23
Q
Binary Fission process
A
- The DNA copies itself
- The cell membrane pinches the cytoplasm in half
- Two identical bacterium form
24
Extracellular Digestion (Bacteria)
- Bacteria secrete enzymes onto their food source
- Enzymes chemically digest the food into smaller molecules
- Bacteria then absorbs the digested food
25
Excretion (Passive)
Waste material diffuses out through the cell membrane when the inside of the cell is higher in concentration than the outside
26
Aerobic Respiration in bacteria
The breakdown of glucose using oxygen, Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP Energy
27
Anaerobic Respiration in bacteria
The breakdown of sugars without using oxygen, Lactose -> Lactic Acid + Water
28
Protein Coat / Capsid
Protects the genetic material
29
Genetic Material (Viruses)
Holds the instructions to replicate more viruses
30
Spike Protein
Allows these viruses to penetrate host cells
31
Sporangium
Swelling at the tips of the hyphae that produce and contain spores
32
Spores
Small reproductive cells
33
Hyphae
Fine threads that grow throughout a food source and carry out extra cellular digestion. Some grow upwards to aid in spore disposal
34
Mycelium
A network of Hypahe
35
Fungi Reproduction (Rhizopus Fungi)
The Sporangium burst releasing the spores into the air. The Spores that land on moist food, germinate and grow hypahe
36
Budding
- A bud forms on the parent cell
- Nucleus divides via mitosis
- Bud separates from parent cell
37
Extracellular digestion (Fungi)
- The hyphae of fungi secrete enzymes into their food source
- The enzymes chemically digest the food into smaller molecules outside the hyphae
- The fungi then absorbs the digested food
38
Respiration (Fungi)
Anaerobic respiration in fungi - Fermentation
Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
39
Excretion (active)
When the outside of the cell is higher in concentration than the inside, the waste materials diffuse through but it uses energy
40
Bread Microbes
Yeast, for the CO2 as it makes the dough rise
41
Beer Microbes
Yeast so carbon dioxide is produced, for the bubbles and fizzing. Also to create ethanol which is an alcohol
42
Cheese Bacteria
To solidify the mixture to form curds
43
Yoghurt Bacteria
To solidify the mixture to form curds
44
Bread and Beer Microbes Life Processes
Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation; Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
45
Cheese and Yoghurt Microbes Life Processes
Anaerobic Respiration; Lactose -> Lactic Acid
46
Gut Microbiome Benefit/Affect us
- Aid Digestion and Nutrient Absorption
- Immune System Support
- Protection against Disease
- Helps produce vitamins B and K and short-chain fatty acids
- Fermentation: Gut bacteria can ferment dietary fibre producing beneficial compounds
47
Enzymes
Proteins which act as biological catalysts
48
Enzymes at low temp
Rate of life processes slow
49
Enzymes at high temp
Rate of life processes can slow or stop if too hot (Enzymes Denature)
50
pH on Life Processes
Above and Below the optimum, enzymes in the microbe denatures so life processes are slowed or stop
51
Decomposers
An organism that feeds on and breaks down dead organic matter, making organic nutrients available to the ecosystem
52
Usage of microbes in sewage treatment (Aerobic)
Nutrients from wastewater + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water.
Liquid components are digested by aerobic bacteria, breakdown and oxidise the organism components.
53
Usage of microbes in sewage treatment (Anaerobic)
Nutrients from Sludge -> Methane + Carbon Dioxide
Sludge Components are digested by anaerobic microbes.
54
Nitrogen Fixing (Nitrogen Cycle)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium which plants can use and take up
55
Nitrification (Nitrogen Cycle)
Nitrifying bacteria convert Ammonium into Nitrite and then into Nitrate as it is the primary source of oxygen plus nitrogen is used to make Amino Acids and DNA
56
Ammonification (Nitrogen Cycle)
Decomposers break down dead organisms and waste which contains nitrogen then convert them into Ammonium to be taken up and used.
57
Assimilation (Nitrogen Cycle)
The process by which plants and animals take up nitrogen compounds from the environment and incorporate them into their biomass
58
Denitrification (Nitrogen Cycle)
Convert nitrate and nitrite back into nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide. This process is essential for returning nitrogen to the atmosphere.This prevents the accumulation of excess nitrates which can have negative environmental impacts
59
Microorganisms in Compost
Saprophytic bacteria breakdown dead organic matter such as lawn clippings, leaves and food waste. They do Aerobic respiration,
60
Importance of the Carbon Cycle
Microorganisms play a crucial role in the carbon cycle, a natural process that regulates the flow of carbon through the Earth's ecosystems.
61
Decomposition (Carbon Cycle)
Carbon in the form of organic compounds is converted into carbon dioxide and returned to the atmosphere
62
Photosynthesis (Carbon Cycle)
Microscopic photosynthesis organisms capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into organic matter
63
Respiration (Carbon Cycle)
Microbes, along with plants and animals, participate in respiration, releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
64
Carbon Sequestration (Carbon Cycle)
Certain microbes, particularly those in soil can help stabilise and store organic carbon in the soil, reducing the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere
65
Methane Production and Consumption (Carbon Cycle)
Methanogenic archaea produce methane in anaerobic environments, whole methane oxidising bacteria consume it, converting it into CO2
66
First step of microbes in sewage treatment
The sewage passes through screens to remove solids that are over 3mm in size. These are collected and trucked to landfill.
67
Second step of microbes in sewage treatment
The sewage then passes into a sedimentation tank where sludge settles and is separated from the liquid.
68
Third step of microbes in sewage treatment
The liquid component passes to an aeration tank. The aerobic microbes remove contaminants and reduce the N and P in the wastewater.
69
Fourth/Last step of microbes in sewage treatment
The sludge component passes into an anaerobic digester where anaerobic microbes digest the sludge producing methane and carbon dioxide.
70
Use of Methane and Sludge after put through the sewage treatment
The methane is used to create electricity to power the plant and the digested sludge can be used as compost.
71
Pathogen
A disease Causing microorganism
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Bacterial Pathogens
- Staphylococcus
- Salmonella
73
Viral Pathogens
- Measles
- Covid-19
- Influenza
73
Fungal Pathogens
- Ringworm
- Thrush
74
Staphylococcus
Harmful microbes in environment which can grow on food
75
Salmonella
Eating raw or uncooked food or unpasteurised milk
76
Bacteria pathogens Treated
Can be treated with anti-biotics
77
Fungal pathogens Treated
Can be treated with topical creams
78
Viral pathogens Treated
No cure. Vaccines are preventative
79
Biotic factors
Disease, predation, and competition among species or within a single species
80
Abiotic factors
Oxygen availability, Temperature, pH, and Moisture
81
Soap
Will remove most microbes from the surface of the skin. Does not kill microbes
82
Antiseptics
Inhibit bacteria reproduction. Not harmful to skin cells. Applied to cuts and prior to surgical incisions, Iodine and Alcohol
83
Disinfectants
Inhibit bacteria reproduction. Harmful to skin cells. Cleaning products, Bleach
84
Antibiotics
A chemical produced by fungi that kill or inhibit the reproduction and growth of bacteria
85
Antibiotic Resistance
When bacteria change so that antibiotics can't kill them or stop their growth
86
Immune System
A complex network of organs, cells and proteins that defend against pathogens
87
3 lines of defence
1. Physical and Chemical Barriers
2. Non Specific attack
3. Specific immune system response
88
Physical and Chemical Barriers
Skin, Sweat, tears, and cilia in the airways. Stop pathogens from entering the body
89
Non Specific attack
Phagocytes, a white blood cell. Attack and engulf any foreign particles
90
Specific immune system response
Memory Lymphocytes, a white blood cell. They make specific antibodies and recognise the foreign particles
91
Antibodies
Attack and destroy antigens
92
Passive Immunity
When antibodies are transferred to a person who has never been exposed to the pathogen. Breast milk
93
Active Immunity
The actions of your immune system in response to an infection by a pathogen. The person gains immunity after being exposed to a live pathogen
94
Vaccination
Stimulate an active immune response allowing the person to produce antibodies without developing the disease.
95
Nitrogen Cycle parts
1. Nitrogen Fixing
2. Nitrification
3. Denitrification
4. Ammonification
5. Assimilation
96
Carbon Cycle parts
1. Decomposition
2. Photosynthesis
3. Respiration
4. Carbon Sequestration
5. Methane Production and Consumption
97
How diseases can be spread
- Through the air
- Contact with contaminated person or surfaces/objects
- Bodily fluids
- Animal to human eg. Avian flu
98
Food Safety (5)
- Wash hands, with soap and warm water
- Stored in correct temp
- Stored in sealed containers
- Avoid cross contamination through equipment
- Cooked Throughly
99
How antibiotics work
Interferes with the cell wall so the bacteria dies
100
How life arose - 1
The formation of simple organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
101
How life arose -2
The assembly of carbon compounds into polymers.
102
How life arose - 3
The formation of a polymer that can self-replicate
103
How life arose - 4
Forming a cell
104
How cells form - order
1. Inorganic Compounds
2. Organic Monomers
3. Polymers
4. Self Replication
5. Formation of a cell
105
Herd immunity
When a large portion of a population becomes immune to a disease reducing the overall spread of the disease.
