SCX - Biology Flashcards
Conditions of prebiotic Earth
Atmosphere: Low Oxygen and lots of volatile gases
Temperature: Really high, molten surface
UV: High UV radiation, Ozone layer hadn’t formed yet
Water: Initially low
What is the Miller-Urey experiment
The conditions of prebiotic earth was simulated. With this experiment a variety of organic compounds including amino acids were formed from inorganic compounds. This shows carbon compounds could have formed spontaneously
Define Cell
The smallest unit of life
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells, and those cells come from preexisting cells
MRS GREN
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
Prokaryote cells
- DNA is not contained in nucleus
- No membrane bound organelle
- Small and simple organisation
- Structurally simple
Eukaryotic cells
- Membrane bound nucleus
- Membrane bound organelle
- Large and complex
- Structurally complex
Define Microorganism
A living thing that is small often microscopic, often single celled
Movement
When an organism changes its own position, using its own energy
Respiration
A chemical reaction that occurs in cells where glucose reacts with oxygen to release energy for life processes.
Breathing
The process of taking in oxygen and giving out CO2
Sensitivity
The way organisms respond to their environment
Growth
An organism develops and gains mass
Reproduction
The production of offspring
Excretion
When an organism release waste materials it has made
Nutrition
When an organism produces or gains glucose that it uses to make energy for itself
Slime Capsule
Protects the bacteria and prevents it from dehydrating
Cell Wall
Maintains the shape of the bacterium
Cell Membrane
Controls the entry and exit of substances
Cytoplasm
Ideal conditions for cellular reactions
Genetic material
Controls the cellular reactions
Flagella
Allows the bacteria to move
Binary Fission
Asexual Reproduction where the parent splits into two daughter bacteria by mitosis
Binary Fission process
- The DNA copies itself
- The cell membrane pinches the cytoplasm in half
- Two identical bacterium form
Extracellular Digestion (Bacteria)
- Bacteria secrete enzymes onto their food source
- Enzymes chemically digest the food into smaller molecules
- Bacteria then absorbs the digested food
Excretion (Passive)
Waste material diffuses out through the cell membrane when the inside of the cell is higher in concentration than the outside
Aerobic Respiration in bacteria
The breakdown of glucose using oxygen, Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP Energy
Anaerobic Respiration in bacteria
The breakdown of sugars without using oxygen, Lactose -> Lactic Acid + Water
Protein Coat / Capsid
Protects the genetic material
Genetic Material (Viruses)
Holds the instructions to replicate more viruses
Spike Protein
Allows these viruses to penetrate host cells
Sporangium
Swelling at the tips of the hyphae that produce and contain spores
Spores
Small reproductive cells
Hyphae
Fine threads that grow throughout a food source and carry out extra cellular digestion. Some grow upwards to aid in spore disposal
Mycelium
A network of Hypahe
Fungi Reproduction (Rhizopus Fungi)
The Sporangium burst releasing the spores into the air. The Spores that land on moist food, germinate and grow hypahe
Budding
- A bud forms on the parent cell
- Nucleus divides via mitosis
- Bud separates from parent cell
Extracellular digestion (Fungi)
- The hyphae of fungi secrete enzymes into their food source
- The enzymes chemically digest the food into smaller molecules outside the hyphae
- The fungi then absorbs the digested food
Respiration (Fungi)
Anaerobic respiration in fungi - Fermentation
Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
Excretion (active)
When the outside of the cell is higher in concentration than the inside, the waste materials diffuse through but it uses energy
Bread Microbes
Yeast, for the CO2 as it makes the dough rise
Beer Microbes
Yeast so carbon dioxide is produced, for the bubbles and fizzing. Also to create ethanol which is an alcohol