Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > SCI BIOLOGY > Flashcards

SCI BIOLOGY Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

DNA is a chemical that carries genetic instructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chromosome

A

Threadlike structures that contain long lengths of DNA that holds many genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gene

A

Section of a chromosome that codes for one trait e.g. eye colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Allele

A

The different forms of a gene e.g. blue eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gamete

A

A sex cell with half the number of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fertilisation

A

The fusion of two gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilised egg cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Embryo

A

A ball of cells formed from the zygote by cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Foetus

A

An unborn or unhatched offspring that has developed beyond an embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

Homologous Pair of Chromosomes have the same genes in the same loci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Meiosis

A

Meiosis is a cell division process that produces genetically unique gametes with half the number of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mitosis

A

The type of cell division that body cells are made by.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that involves two individuals contributing genetically to offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that involves one individual contributing genetically to offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Genetic Variation

A

The differences (in DNA) of individuals in a population/species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Continuous Variation

A

Continuous Variation where there is a complete range of measurements from one extreme to another e.g. height, body mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Discontinuous Variation

A

Where the characteristics fall into discrete categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Monohybrid inheritance

A

Monohybrid Inheritance is the inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gene (mono = one).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles an individual has for a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical expression of the gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dominant allele

A

The allele that is always expressed if present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Recessive allele

A

The allele that is only expressed in the homozygous condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Homozygous

A

Genotype with two of the same alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Heterozygous

A

Genotype with one dominant and one recessive allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Punnett square

A

A diagram used to determine the probable outcomes of a genetic cross between two individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pure Breeding

A

An organism that is homozygous for a trait.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the base sequence of DNA. The only source of new genetic variation

29
Q

Point Mutation

A

A point mutation occurs when a single base or very few bases is changed which affects only a single gene.

30
Q

Chromosomal Mutation

A

A chromosomal mutation affects the whole or a part of a chromosome which affects multiple genes.

31
Q

Genetics

A

The study of the variation and inheritance of genes

32
Q

Selective Breeding

A

The process of choosing only plants and animals with desirable characteristics to reproduce

33
Q

Inbreeding

A

The production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically

34
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

The discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 was made possible by Dr Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction work. Her creation of the famous Photo 51 deduced the double-helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid.

35
Q

How is the genetic code read

A

In triplets, triplets code for amino acids. Amino acids are ordered according to the base sequence to form different proteins.

36
Q

Base Pairing

A

A - T , G - C

37
Q

Parts of a Nucleotide

A

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and base

38
Q

Process of Natural Selection

A

Over production & variation among offspring, competition, differential survival & reproduction, inheritance of favourable alleles

39
Q

Inbreeding Depression

A

Due to inbreeding offspring will carry harmful diseases which could affect their lifespan.

40
Q

Types of Point mutations

A
  • Substitution
  • Insertion
  • Deletion
41
Q

Types of Chromosomal Mutations

A

Deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation

42
Q

Extra chromosome in the 21st pair

A

Trisomy 21

43
Q

Extra X chromosome

A

Kleinfelter - Only occurs in men

44
Q

Missing X chromosome

A

Turner’ Syndrome - Only in females

45
Q

Implications in inbreeding Bulldogs

A
  • Severe Breathing Issues
  • Skin problems
  • Joint problems
  • Dental Issues
46
Q

Implications in inbreeding King Charles Spaniels

A

Syringomyelia:
- Inability to move neck without pain or discomfort
- Yelping
- Crying
- Developing a wobble when they walk

47
Q

Haemophilia

A

An inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly.

48
Q

How is Haemophilia Caused

A

Caused by a point mutation. Located on the X chromosome

49
Q

What can Haemophilia lead to

A

This can lead to spontaneously bleeding as will as bleeding following injuries or surgery

50
Q

Cystic fibroses

A

A inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body.

51
Q

How is Cystic fibroses Caused

A

Cystic fibrosis can be caused by a deletion point mutation of three bases, which leads to the deletion of an amino acid

52
Q

What can Cystic fibroses lead to

A

The mucus, sweat and digestive juices become sticky and thick. These plug up tubes, ducts and passageways. This causes a higher rate of lung infection and lower nutrition absorption

53
Q

Sickle Cell Anaemia

A

An inherited disorder. Some red blood cells are shaped like sickles or crescent moons. These sickle cells also become rigid and sticky, which can slow or block blood flow.

54
Q

What can Sickle Cell Anaemia lead to

A

This can lead to problems such as clots, joint pain and anaemia. The lack of oxygen may cause heart and liver damage, and even death.

55
Q

How is Sickle Cell Anaemia Caused

A

Caused by a substitution point mutation, causing a single amino acid to be altered. The mutated beta-globin affects the shape of red blood cells.

56
Q

Recombination / Crossing over

A

Homologous chromosomes can swap small pieces of their chromatids when they are lines up.

57
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Happens when the chromosomes line up in their homologous pairs. A random alignment of homologous chromosomes

58
Q

Number of chromosomes in human cells

A

23 pairs, 46 individual

59
Q

DNA Profiling

A

A technique in which individuals can be identified and compared to others via their genetic markers

60
Q

Genetic Marker

A

A genetic marker is a gene of DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome.

60
Q

How is DNA profiling carried out

A

DNA profiling (DNA fingerprinting) can be carried out through Gel Electrophoresis. DNA fragments will separate out, based on size, by moving towards the positive electrode.

61
Q

The Genetic Code

A

The Base Sequence

62
Q

How is variation occurred in sexual reproduction

A

Shuffles the genetic information of a parent when gametes are produced through meiosis, and it also mixes the genetic information of the two parents through fertilisation. Offspring are
produced with differences in their DNA.

63
Q

Why do individuals inherit 2 of each chromosome

A

They inherit one copy of a chromosomes from each parent. Therefore every person carries two copies of each gene

64
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Duplicated chromosomes that are connected to each other at their center points (centromere). Have the same alleles.

65
Q

Somatic Cells

A

A body cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes

66
Q

How fertilisation produces genetic variation

A

Fertilisation mixes the DNA of two parents forming a zygote. It is random as to which two gametes from each parent join together. Meaning fertilisation can result in many different combinations of gametes in offspring

67
Q

Test Cross

A

when an individual showing the dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual showing the recessive phenotype to identify whether the individual is homozygous

Science (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions