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Physiology I > SCT III - Muscle Energetics > Flashcards

SCT III - Muscle Energetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of muscle?

A

Speed of Contraction
- Fast
- Slow

Source of Energy
- Oxidative
- Glycolytic

Could be:
1. Fast oxidative
2. Fast glycolytic
3. Slow oxidative
4. Slow glycolytic

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2
Q

What is the classification of slow oxidative skeletal muscles (red)?

A

Myosin Isoenzyme: Slow
SR Calcium Pumping Capacity: Moderate
Diameter: Moderate

Oxidative capacity: High
Glycolytic capacity: Moderate

Mechanical response: Slow
Basically myosin isoenzyme ^^^

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3
Q

What is the classification of fast glycolytic skeletal muscle (red)?

A

Myosin Isoenzyme: Fast
SR calcium pumping capacity: High
Diameter: Large

Oxidative capacity: Low
Glycolytic capacity: High

Mechanical response: Fast

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4
Q

What is the classification of fast oxidative skeletal muscle (white)?

A

Myosin isoenzyme: Fast
SR calcium pumping capacity: High
Diameter: Small

Oxidative capacity: VERY high
Glycolytic capacity: High

Mechanical response: fast

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5
Q

What gives muscle fibers their red color?

A

Excess of mitochondria

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6
Q

How does the fast oxidative muscle fiber have high oxidative and high glycolytic activity?

A

High oxidative activity requires metabolites from glycolysis, therefore, it needs to do glycolysis thoroughly before running intense oxidative processes

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7
Q

What is the function of creatine phosphate?

A

To keep ATP sources constant by:

Creatine-phosphate → Creatine
ADP → ATP via the process

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8
Q

Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?

A

Anaerobic

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9
Q

How is the limit of glycolysis mediated in the body?

A

Body reaches “anaerobe threshold” where it cannot take anymore lactic acid, and switches to aerobic respiration

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10
Q

What is the optimum load of muscle performance?

A

1/3 of the maximum force

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11
Q

How long does the creatine phosphate last for during intense exercise?

A

8-10 seconds

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12
Q

What happens at increased O2 consmption?

A

Respiratory rate (RR) ↑
Tidal volume (TV) ↑
Maximum stroke volume (SV) ↑

O2 alveolar diffusion ↑
Maximum AV O2 difference ↑

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13
Q

What is the local response to the muscles during physical exercise?

A

VASODILATION
- Due to sympathetic cholinergic activity
- Due to increased metabolites
- To bring the muscle more blood (nutrients)

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14
Q

What are the changes in systemic circulation that take place during physical exercise?

A

Heart rate (HR) ↑
Cardiac Output (CO) ↑
Stroke Volume (SV) ↑
Flow of pulmonary circulation ↑
Peripheral resistance (TPR) ↓ - Due to Vasodilation
Redistribution of the circulating blood volume

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15
Q

Summary of circulatory response by the brain to exercise (drawing)

A
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16
Q

Why does the skin blood flow decrease, then increase?

A

Decreases due to vasoconstriction for blood redistribution

Increases later due to vasodilation for heat loss (body gets hot during exercise)

17
Q

How do you calculate the minute volume?

A

MV = Tidal Volume (TV) x Respiratory Rate (RR)

18
Q

What happens to the minute volume and the heart rate during increasing exercise intensity?

A

Exercise Intensity ↑
Minute Volume ↑
Heart Rate ↑

19
Q

What happens to stroke volume during exercise?

A

Initially, SV spikes higher than HR. However, later on, SV plateaus due to the heart compensating:

Filling time ↓
VR ↓
SV ↓ (Frank starling)

20
Q

What are all the cardiovascular parameter changes that occur during exericse?

A

MAP ↑ (↑↑↑CO & TPR ↓ - CO dominant)

SP ↑ (Proportional to SV ↑)
EDV ↑ (Resp. pump - VR ↑)
DP ↓ (Proportional to TPR ↓)
ESV ↓ (SNS +ve Intropic)

21
Q

What is reactive hyperemia and when does it take place?

A

temporary increase in blood flow (vasodilation) to an area following a period of reduced or obstructed blood supply.

This happens due to muscle pump (compression of vessels during muscle flexion)

22
Q

How is heat regulated during exercise?

A
  • Sweating
  • Vasodilation of the skin vessels, bringing blood closer to surface
23
Q

How is ventilation impacted during exercise?

A

Exercise ↑
Ventilation ↑

24
Q

What is endurance?

A

Is the maximal oxygen uptake (liter per minute)

25
Q

How is performance and time correlated?

A
26
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Extra oxygen required after exercise to restore the body to its resting state:

  • Replenishing O2 stores (myoglobin)
  • Replenishing creatine-phosphate pool
  • Eliminating lactic acid
27
Q

What happens to heartrate during oxygen debt?

A

HR increases during oxygen debt
HR decreases during repayment of debt

Physiology I (15 decks)

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