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Physiology I > SCT II - Respiration > Flashcards

SCT II - Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate the physiologic dead-space?

A

Anatomical dead space + non-perfused alveoli

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2
Q

Name the function, receptor, mediator and agonist of sympathetic innervation in respiratory physiology

A

Function: bronchodilation
Receptor: β2-Receptor
Mediator: Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Agonist/Initiator: Isoproterenol

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3
Q

Name the function, receptor, mediator, and antagonist of parasympathetic innervation in respiratory physiology

A

Function: bronchoconstriction
Receptor: mAChR (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor)
Mediator: Acetylcholine
Antagonist: Atropin

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4
Q

How can you treat asthma bronchiale?

A

Administration of isoproterenol - agonist of sympathetic bronchodilation

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5
Q

What is the relationship of volume and pressure

A

Volume ~ 1/Pressure

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6
Q

How are the somatomotor fibers of the respiratory muscles controlled?

A

Receptor: nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor)
Antagonist: curare (muscle relaxants)

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7
Q

What is TV in respiratory physiology?

A

Tidal Volume
Volume of air breathed during relaxed breathing pattern

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8
Q

What is IRV in respiratory physiology?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Maximum volume of air you can inhale with a deep breathe

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9
Q

What is ERV in respiratory physiology?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume
Maximum volume of air you can exhale with a deep sigh

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10
Q

What is IC in respiratory physiology and how can you calculate it?

A

Inspiratory Capacity
Total volume of air inhaled with a deep breathe and normal breathing

IC = TV + IRV

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11
Q

What is RV in respiratory physiology?

A

Residual Volume
Volume of air that will always be in the lungs despite exhalation

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12
Q

What is FRC in respiratory physiology and how can you calculate it?

A

Functional Residual Capacity
Volume of air left in the lung after normal breathing pattern’s exhalation

FRC = ERV + RV

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13
Q

What is VC in respiratory physiology?

A

Vital Capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a deep inhalation

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14
Q

What is TLC in respiratory physiology?

A

Total Lung Capacity
Total volume of air in the lung entirely

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15
Q

What happens in the case of dead space?

A

Ventilation is present
Perfusion is absent

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16
Q

What type of pressure is intrapleural pressure?

A

Negative, drawing air in - acting as a vaccum

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17
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Pressure in the intrapleural space

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18
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Pressure in the lung

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19
Q

What is transmural pressure?

A

Intrapulmonary - intrapleural

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20
Q

How does the surfactant function?

A

Separates the water molecules

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21
Q

LaPlace Law

A

Pressure = Tension/Radius

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22
Q

What happens at FRC+1L?

A

Inspiration

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23
Q

What happens at RV?

A

Exhalation

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24
Q

What happens exactly at FRC?

A

Transition point between inspiration & expiration - equilibrium between chest and lungs

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25
Q

What happens to the pressure during inspiration?

A

Volume increases
Pressure decreases, later increasing

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26
Q

What happens to the pressure during exhalation?

A

Volume decreases
Pressure increases, later decreasing

27
Q

What is PEF in respiratory physiology?

A

Peak Expiratory Flow
Fastest the air moves during expiration

28
Q

What is PIF in respiratory physiology?

A

Peak Inspiratory Flow
Fastest the air moves during inspiration

29
Q

What is FEV in respiratory physiology?

A

Forced Expiratory Volume (1-2-3)
Volume of air exhaled every second for three seconds, used to measure respiratory rate

30
Q

How do you calculate the Tiffenau index?

A

FEV1/VC

> 80% = Healthy
< 80% = Obstruction

31
Q

How do you calculate pulmonary/minute ventillation?

A

Respiratory Rate * TV

Respiratory Rate is the amount of breaths you’re taking

It is the rate at which air enters/leaves the lungs

32
Q

How do you calculate compliance?

A

Compliance = ΔVolume/ΔPressure

33
Q

Equation of Laminar Flow

A

Resistance = 8Ln/πr^4

L - Length
ƞ - Viscosity
r - Radius

34
Q

What is Reynolds Number and how do you calculate it?

A

Re = Density x Velocity x Diameter / Viscosity

Determines whether flow is turbulent or laminar

  • Reducing diameter, increase velocity two-folds
  • Low Re = Laminar
  • High Re = Turbulent
34
Q

Where can you find the highest resistance in the respiratory system?

A

Main bronchi

35
Q

What happens in bronchoconstriction?

A

Low Radius, high resistance

35
Q

What is the relationship between velocity and surface area?

A

Velocity ~ 1/Surface Area

36
Q

What happens in bronchodilation?

A

High radius, low resistance

37
Q

What happens when respiratory rate is increased when it comes to lung elasticity?

A

Respiratory rate increases (+)

Tidal volume decreases (-), as lung is unable to catch up with rate

Lung stretch decreases (-)

Less work is done (-)

38
Q

What happens when respiratory rate is increases when it comes to air flow?

A

Respiratory rate increases (+)

Velocity of air increases (+)

Resistance increases (+)

39
Q

What stimulates ventillation?

A

Low O2 levels
High CO2 levels

40
Q

Equation of diffusion in the lungs

A

Diffusion = Diffusion Constant x Area x ΔPressure / ΔThickness (Length) of Barrier

41
Q

Explain the two types of gas transport

A

Perfusion Limited: depends on the blood flow (N2O, CO2, O2)

Diffusion Limited: rate of diffusion is constant (O2)

42
Q

How is CO2 transported around in the body?

A

As Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

43
Q

Name the factors that may make hemoglobin want to hog O2 (high affinity for O2)

A
  • Fetal hemoglobin
  • Myoglobin
  • Alkalosis
  • Low CO2
  • Low Temp
43
Q

Name the factors that may make hemoglobin want to give O2 to tissue (low affinity for O2)

A
  • Acidosis
  • High CO2
  • High Temp
  • 2,3-BPG
44
Q

What is the Hamburger effect?

A

Replacing bicarbonate with chloride in hemoglobin

45
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

CO2 displaces O2 in the hemoglobin of tissues

46
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

O2 displaces CO2 in the hemoglobin in the lungs

47
Q

What happens to solubility when pressure is increased?

A

Pressure increases, solubility increases

48
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A
  • Hypoxia (low O2)
  • Hypercapnia (high CO2)
  • Acidosis (low pH)
49
Q

What are central chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A
  • Hypercapnia
  • Acidosis

Not hypoxia due to blood-brain barrier

50
Q

What happens when central and peripheral chemoreceptors are activated?

A
  • Activates cardiovascular reflexes, increase MAP (mean arterial pressure) - Pressor reflex
  • Stimulates ventilation
51
Q

What happens to the neurons during forced breathing?

A

INSPIRATION
Inspiratory neurons are active
Expiratory neurons are INHIBITED

EXPIRATION
Inspiratory neurons are INHIBITED
Expiratory neurons are active

52
Q

How is heart rate related to respiration?

A

HR increases during inspiration
HR decreases during expiration

53
Q

Which receptors are responsible for controlling heart rate during respiration?

A

Slow Adapting Stretch Receptors (SARs)

54
Q

What is the pathway of increasing heart rate during inspiration?

A

Inspiration → Stretch → Afferent Vagal Discharge INCREASE → Medullary Cardiovascular Center → Parasympathetic Activity DECREASES + Sympathetic Activity INCREASES → Heart rate INCREASES

  • Afferent Vagal Discharge
  • Medullary CV
  • Parasym. DOWN
  • Sym. UP
  • HR UP
55
Q

Which receptor is responsible for respiratory sinus arrhythmia?

A

SARs - Slowly Adapting Stretch Receptors

56
Q

What does the Hering-Breuer reflex do?

A

Prevents the over-inflation of the lungs

57
Q

Write the pathway of the Hering-Breuer reflex

A

Over-inflated lungs → Stimulates SARs → Afferent Vagal Activity INCREASES → Respiratory Centers → Terminate inspiration, Bronchodilation

  • Lung full
  • SARs
  • Afferent Vagal Activity UP
  • Terminate inspiration, bronchodilation
58
Q

Which receptors are responsible for coughing and sneezing?

A

Rapidly Adapting Stretch Receptors (RARs)

59
Q

Write the pathway of the RARs

A

Irritant substance → stimulation of RAR → CN X (Bronchi), CN IX (Larynx), CN V (Nose) → Respiratory Center → Coughing/Sneezing + Bronchoconstriction

60
Q

What is the function of Pulmonary & Bronchial C-Fibers?

A

Products of inflammation, respond via increasing mucus & bronchoconstriction

61
Q

How is temperature related to respiratory rate?

A

Temperature increases respiratory rate

Physiology I (15 decks)

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