Screening in SRH Flashcards
What is the most common cause of anal cancer?
HPV
What is the most common type of anal cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) - accounts for 90%
HPV infection, is associated and accounts for with what types of cancer?
Cervical >99%
Anal - 90%
Penile - 40%
Vulval/vaginal - 40%
AIN (anal intraepithelial neoplasia) is associated with which types of HPV?
16; 18; 31; 53; 58
Which type of HPV is most commonly associated with AIN?
HPV type 16
What are the low-risk types of HPV (associated only with warts)?
6; 11; 42; 44
Which type of HPV is most associated with PIN (penile intraepithelial neoplasia)?
HPV type 16
High risk HPV types are associated with which oncogenes?
E6 and E7
What is the function of the E6 oncogene?
E6 inhibits p53 which normally activates DNA repair, arrests the cell cycle at G1/S and can initiate apoptosis
What is the function of the E7 oncogene?
E7 inhibits Retinoblastoma protein which also normally arrests the cell cycle at G1/S and regulates chromatin/histone modification
What type of vaccine is the HPV vaccine?
Recombinant protein vaccin
How do recombinant vaccines work?
Bacteria or yeast are used to synthesise viral proteins or polysaccharides
These act as antigens following immunisation and provoke an immune response
What is the HPV vaccination schedule in the UK?
x1 dose Gardasil 9 to all children aged 11-13 years old
Over what age range is cervical cancer screening offered?
25-65 years old
In what circumstances may cervical screening invites continue beyond age 65?
- The most recent smear was abnormal
- The most recent smear was before the age of 50
- The patient has never had a smear