Embryology Flashcards
How many oocytes does a female 20 week foetus have
6-7 million
How many oocytes does a female have at birth?
1-2 million
How many oocytes does a female have at puberty?
300,000
When after fertilisation does the morula appear?
Day 4
When after fertilisation does the blastocyst appear?
Day 5
From what do the primordial germ cells arise?
Wall of the yolk sac in the 2nd week of development
What do primordial germ cells form in females?
Oogonia
What do primordial germ cells form in males?
Spermatogonia
When do the primordial germ cells migrate to occupy the gonadal ridges?
Week 6 of development
What happens to oogonia in the fetal period?
Oogonia proliferate by mitosis and differentiate into primary oocytes, however, these oocytes are then suspended in prophase I (I, i.e. the first meiotic division) from birth until puberty
At what stage of meiosis are oogonia suspended in from birth until puberty?
Prophase I
What causes the arrest in meiosis experienced by the primary oocytes during the foetal period?
Oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI) - a peptide produced by the follicular cells surrounding a primary oocyte
What are the layers of the follicle that surround the primary oocyte?
1) Theca interna - the inner vascular and secretory layer
2) Theca externa - the outer fibrous layer
Where do the spermatogonia lie dormant in males, and until when do they remain dormant?
Spermatogonia remain dormant in the seminiferous tubules in the testes until puberty
How soon after ovulation does fertilisation take place?
12-24 hours after ovulation
What the summarised stages of fertilisation?
1) Sperm activation and penetration of the corona radiata
2) Attachment and penetration of the zona pellucida
3) Fusion of the oocyte and sperm cell membranes
4) Completion of meiosis of the oocyte and formation of the pronuclei
5) Formation of the zygote
What process do sperm need to undergo to be capable of penetrating the ovum?
Capacitation
What happens during capacitation?
Loss of glycoprotein and cholesterol from the acrosomal membrane by secretions from the cervix and uterine tube
How do sperm penetrate the corona radiata?
By the acrosomal reaction, releasing hyaluronidase
How do sperm penetrate the zona pellucida?
Also by release of the acrosomal enzymes - esterases, acrosin and neuraminidase
What is the zona reaction?
When the sperm binds with the zona pellucida
What is the point of the zona reaction?
It changes the physical properties of the zona pellucida to prevent attachment/penetration of any further sperm
What causes the zona reaction?
The release of lysosomal enzymes from the cortical granules into the privitelline space
When does the oocyte resume its second meiotic division?
Soon after entry of the spermatozoa